This is a mandatory field that occurs in record. It is made up of 3 alphabetic characters assigned by the USCG that uniquely identify the substance. It is designed to facilitate the correct identification of chemicals in written or oral form. This is an efficient and unambiguous way to locate the record for a particular substance. Don't forget to use the AN field label as in the two examples above.

"First-aid" procedures are recommended. They deal with exposure to the vapor (gas), liquid, or solid and include inhalation, ingestion (swallowing) and contact with eyes or skin. The instruction "Do NOT induce vomiting" is given if an unusual hazard is associated with the chemical being sucked into the lungs (aspiration) while the patient is vomiting. "Seek medical attention" or "Call a doctor" is recommended in those cases where only competent medical personnel can treat the injury properly. In all cases of human exposure, seek medical assistance as soon as possible.

Note the use of brackets in the second search example; without them the search engine would actually have searched for induce vomiting and (large amounts of water in antr).

The data entry refers to structural requirements for barge hulls being used to transport the chemical in question. The information is taken from the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 46, part 151 which is given here:

"TITLE 46--SHIPPING"

PART 151--BARGES CARRYING BULK LIQUID HAZARDOUS MATERIAL CARGOES--Table of Contents

Subpart 151.10--Barge Hull Construction Requirements

Sec. 151.10-1 Barge hull classifications.

• (a) Each barge constructed or converted in conformance with this subpart shall be assigned a hull type number.
• (1) Effective dates for certain requirements:
• (i) Barges constructed or converted between July 1, 1964, and June 1, 1970, in accordance with the construction requirements of Secs. 32.63 and 98.03 of this chapter are considered to comply with the basic provisions of this subpart and will retain the hull type classification for the service for which they were originally approved. Changes in product endorsement will not be considered a change in service, except when a change to a product of higher specific gravity necessitates a reevaluation of the intact and damage stability requirements in subpart E of part 172 of this chapter.
• (2) [Reserved]
• (b) For this purpose the barge hull types shall be defined as follows:
• (1) Type I barge hull. Barge hulls classed as Type I are those designed to carry products which require the maximum preventive measures to preclude the uncontrolled release of the cargo. These barges are required to meet:
• (i) Standards of intact stability and a modified two compartment standard of subdivision and damage stability, as specified in subpart E of part 172 of this chapter; and
• (ii) Hull structural requirements, including an assumed grounding condition.
• (2) Type I-S (special) barge hulls. Type I-S (special) barge hulls are those constructed or converted for the carriage of chlorine in bulk prior to July 1, 1964, and modified to higher stability standards prior to July 1, 1968, but not meeting the requirements for full Type I classification.
• (3) Type II barge hull. Barge hulls classed as Type II are those designed to carry products which require significant preventive measures to preclude the uncontrolled release of the cargo. These barges are required to meet:
• (i) Standards of intact stability and a modified one compartment standard of subdivision and damage stability, as specified in subpart E of part 172 of this chapter; and
• (ii) Hull structural requirements, including an assumed grounding condition.
• (4) Type III barge hull. Barge hulls classed as Type III are those designed to carry products of sufficient hazard to require a moderate degree of control. These barges are required to meet:
• (i) Standards of intact stability as specified in subpart E of part 172 of this chapter; and
• (ii) Hull structural requirements.

[CGFR 70-10, 35 FR 3714, Feb. 25, 1970, as amended by CGD 79-023, 48 FR 51008, Nov. 4, 1983; CGD 88-100, 54 FR 40040, Sept. 29, 1989]"

If the chemical is consumed by fish, marine plants, waterfowl, etc., that are in turn eaten by other species, the substance may accumulate and ultimately be consumed by humans. Where this occurs, an indication of the potential hazard and its significance is given in this field

Also called "biochemical oxygen demand", this is a standard way of describing how much oxygen dissolved in water is consumed by biological oxidation of the chemical during the stated period of time. The unit lb/lb indicates the pounds of oxygen consumed by each pound of chemical during the time stated. When given in percent, the values indicate the pounds of oxygen consumed by each 100 pounds of chemical during the time stated. If the percentage is followed by "(theor.)", it indicates the pounds of oxygen theoretically required to completely oxidize 100 pounds of the chemical.

Under standard or stated conditions, this is the temperature at which an enclosed liquid escapes from the surface and the transition to the gaseous phase occurs. In a closed system the liquid and vapor are in equilibrium. The temperatures are given in degrees Centigrade and are at 1 atm pressure.

As the data nearly always contains temperatures, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The CA field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

----CORRECTIVE RESPONSE ACTIONS AND PRECAUTIONS (USE CODE ZRES).

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter. The Corrective Response Actions and Precautions category (ZRES) is associated with this message field.

Numeric and corresponding textual data is present in this field when the chemical has been assigned to one of the 43 cargo groups listed in Code of Federal Regulations, Title 46, Part 150, "Compatibility of Cargoes". Chemicals included in the regulation were assigned to a group by the Cargo and Hazardous Materials Standards Division, Coast Guard Headquarters. If the chemical is not a liquid carried in bulk in ships' tanks, this data item is "Not listed".

The full list of classes is:-

The first search example give above finds all those substances classed as either alkanolamines, aromatic amines or amides (brackets required) whilst the second search finds all ammonia-classed substances (N.B. am* would also have retrieved amides).

Up to 3 items of data can appear in this field, each separated by a colon. The first item is a word or short phrase which is the 49 CFR hazard category specified in the Hazardous Materials Table, Part 172.101, Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Then the 49 CFR hazard class appears. Finally, the 49 CFR packing group is cited. The October 1, 1996 edition was used to prepare this version of the CHRIS.

The hazard category can be simply "Forbidden" in which case the class and packing group do not appear (as the material may not be offered for transportation or transported. This prohibition does not apply if the material is diluted, stabilized or incorporated in a device and it is classed in accordance with the definitions of hazardous materials contained in part 173 of the 49 CFR).

The hazard class and corresponding categories (in brackets) are listed here:

The CFR 49 packing group specifies one or more packing groups assigned to a material corresponding to the proper shipping name and hazard class for that material. Classes 2 (gases) and 7 (radioactive) materials and ORM-D materials, do not have packing groups. ORM (Other Regulated Material) means a material such as a consumer commodity, which, although otherwise subject to the regulations of this subchapter, presents a limited hazard during transportation due to its form, quantity and packaging. Packing groups I, II and III indicate the degree of danger presented by the material is either great, medium or minor, respectively. Note that the packaging group is often dependent upon toxicity or flash point of the chemical. In those cases the reported packaging group is based upon the data value reported in CHRIS for that specific compound. The packaging group could be different if the purity of the material varies from that reported in CHRIS.

The COFO field contains any identifying aspects in appearance of the substance, and the physical state (solid, liquid or gas) of the substance in question. For example: colorless crystals, blue powder, pink emulsion, etc.

The CPP field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

----CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CATEGORY (USE CODE ZCPP).

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter. The Chemical and Physical Properties category (ZCPP) is associated with this message field.

In every case of a discharge or leak, it is obvious that an effort should be made to reduce, stop, or contain the flow of material at its source if this can be done safely. The purpose of the terms used in this section is to describe in a general way the cautionary and corrective responses that are described in greater detail in the CHRIS Response Methods Handbook. (For further information about this handbook, please contact the USCG).

"Restrict access" is used only for those chemicals that are unusually and immediately hazardous to personnel unless they are protected properly by respirators, protective clothing, etc.

"Evacuate area" is used primarily for unusually poisonous chemicals or those that ignite easily.

"Chemical and physical treatment" is recommended for chemicals that can be removed by skimming, pumping, dredging, burning, neutralization, absorption, coagulation, or precipitation. The corrective response may also include the use of dispersing agents, sinking agents, and biological treatment.

"Disperse and flush" is used for chemicals that can be made non-hazardous to humans by simple dilution with water. In a few cases the response is indicated even when the compound reacts with water because, when proper care is taken, dilution is still the most effective way of removing the primary hazard.

The critical temperature is the maximum temperature at which a liquid can exist, no matter what the pressure on it is. For example, the critical temperature of water is 372 deg. C (705 deg. F). The value can be used to estimate many properties whose values are not immediately available.

The vapor pressure of a chemical at the critical temperature is called the critical pressure. For example, the critical pressure of water is 218 atm. Values are given in pounds per square inch absolute, atmospheres, and meganewtons per square meter. The value can be used for estimating many property values that are not immediately available.

As the data only contains temperatures and pressures, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The specific gravity of a chemical is the ratio of the weight of the solid or liquid to the weight of an equal volume of water at 4 deg C (or at some other specified temperature).

If the specific gravity is less than 1.0 (or less than 1.03 in seawater) the chemical will float; if higher, it will sink. Where the change in the value with temperature is important, more data are found in the Saturated Liquid Density (SL) field.

As the key information given contains numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The 1996 North American Emergency Response Guidebook was developed by DOT as a guide for initial actions to be taken when handling incidents involving hazardous materials. The guidebook was developed for use by fire-fighters, police and other emergency personnel. The information is intended to provide guidance primarily during the initial stages of an emergency, such as a spill.

The field - if cited - contains a 4 digit DOT identifier. Sometimes the same identifier is used in several records (see the second search example).

The items listed are those recommended by (a) manufacturers, either in technical bulletins or in Material Safety Data Sheets, (b) the Chemical Manufacturers Association, or (c) the National Safety Council, for use by personnel while responding to fire or accidental discharge of the chemical. They are intended to protect the lungs, eyes, and skin. Safety showers and eyewash fountains are considered to be important protective equipment for the handling of almost all chemicals; they are not usually listed.

This field contains information on aquatic toxicity as originally present in the EPA's OHM-TADS (Oil and Hazardous Materials - Technical Assistance Data System). Reading from left to right and separated by slashes (/) are the following data:

Concentration in parts per million by weight (or milligrams per liter) at which the chemical was tested;
Time of exposure in hours;
Name of the aquatic species studied;
Effect observed; LC50 means that approximately 50% of the fish will die under the conditions of concentrations and time given. TLm (Median Tolerance Limit) means that approximately 50% of the fish will show abnormal behavior (including death) under the conditions of concentrations and time given; the term EC50 (Effective Concentration50) is used sometimes instead of TLm; The kind of water used in the test (fresh or salt).

Please note that there are instances where some of the field data is missing, typically the kind of water used in the test. For example, the acetaldehyde record contains:

Aquatic Toxicity: 124-140 ppm/48 hr/golden orfe/LC50 53 ppm/96 hr/bluegill sunfish/LC50/ 53 ppm/96 hr/sunfish/TLm/fresh water 70 ppm/24 hr/pin perch/TLm/salt water

and for the first two tests, 'fresh water' (the last data item) is missing.

Also included in this field is some very limited information on waterfowl toxicity. In a few cases there is entered the LD50 value, which indicates the dose (in milligrams per kilogram of body weight) that is lethal to about half the waterfowl tested.

The FF field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

----FIRE (FIGHTING) AND FIRE HAZARDS INFORMATION CATEGORY (USE CODE ZFIR).

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter. The Fire (Fighting) and Fire Hazards Information category (ZFIR) is associated with this message field.

This field contains information about how the substance reacts with fire.

The percent concentration in air (by volume) is given for the lower (LFL) and upper (UFL) limit. The values, along with the flashpoint and autoignition temperature, give an indication of the relative flammability of the chemical. The limits are sometimes referred to as "lower explosive limit" (LEL) and "upper explosive limit" (UEL).

As the key information given contains numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

This is defined as the lowest temperature at which vapors above a volatile combustible substance will ignite in air when exposed to a flame. Depending on the test method used, the values given are either Tag closed cup (C.C.) (ASTM D56) or Cleveland open cup (O.C.) (ASTM D93). The values, along with the flammable limits and autoignition temperature those in 6.2 and 6.7 below, give an indication of the relative flammability of the chemical. In general, the open cup value is about 10 to 15 deg. F higher than the closed cup value.

As the information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid changes to a solid. For example, liquid water changes to solid ice at 0 deg C (32 deg F). Some liquids solidify very slowly even when cooled below their freezing point. When liquids are not pure (for example, salt water) their freezing points are lowered slightly.

As the information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The GCR field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

----GENERAL CHEMICAL REACTIVITY CATEGORY (USE CODE ZREA)

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter. The General Chemical Reactivity category (ZREA) is associated with this message field.

This field contains the number of the guide in the North American Emergency Response Guidebook (NAERG) listing specific emergency response actions for a particular CHRIS chemical. The 1996 edition of the guidebook was used in the preparation of this edition of the CHRIS manual.

The letter P following the Guide Page number identifies materials which present a polymerization hazard under certain conditions.

The HAZC field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

----HAZARD CLASSIFICATIONS (USE CODE ZHAZ)

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter. The Hazard Classifications category (ZREA) is associated with this message field.

A composite list of hazard profiles evaluated by the Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environmental Protection (GESAMP). A summary of the legends used in the profile follows:

In the legend that follows below, the code is given first, then a comma, then a phrase outlining the Bioaccumulation and Tainting.

In the legend that follows below, the code is given first, then a comma, then a phrase outlining the Damage to Living Resources, another comma and finally the 96 hour LC50 (except for the D and BOD codes for which no LC50 values are given).

In the legend that follows below, the code is given first, then a comma, then a phrase outlining the Hazard to Human Health by Oral Intake, another comma and finally the LD50 value.

In the legend that follows below, the code is given first, then a comma, then a phrase outlining the Hazard to Human Health by Skin and Eye Contact or Inhalation.

In the legend that follows below, the code is given first, then a comma, then a phrase outlining the Reduction of Amenities.

Ratings in brackets, ( ), indicate insufficient data available to the GESAMP experts on specific substances, hence extrapolation was required. In addition, where values are omitted they were either not applicable (e.g. if gases) or the data was not available to the GESAMP Working Group.

The value is the amount of heat liberated when the specified weight is burned in oxygen at 25 deg C. The products of combustion, including water, are assumed to remain as gases; the value given is usually referred to as the "lower heat value". The negative sign before the value indicates that heat is given off when the chemical burns. The units used are Btu per pound, calories per gram, and joules per kilogram.

As the information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

These are brief descriptions of the effects observed in humans when the vapor (gas) is inhaled, when the liquid or solid is ingested (swallowed), and when the liquid or solid comes in contact with the eyes or skin.

The value is the heat that must be added to the specified weight of a liquid before it can change to vapor (gas). It varies with temperature; the value given is that at the boiling point at 1 atm. The units used are Btu per pound, calories per gram, and joules per kilogram.

No value is given for chemicals with very high boiling points at 1 atm, because such substances are considered essentially nonvolatile.

As the information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The HU field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

----HUMAN EXPOSURE AND HEALTH HAZARDS CATEGORY (USE CODE ZHUE)

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter. The >Human Exposure and Health Hazards

The information in this field describes what the responder should do if a human is exposed to either the vapor, dust liquid or solid form of a substance and how that substance reacts with the human.

The ID field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

----SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION CATEGORY (USE CODE ZID).

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter. The Substance Identification category (ZID) is associated with this message field.

This is one of 16 specially constructed range-searchable limit fields originating from all exposure limit type data in CHRIS. This is the Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) parts per billion value. This concentration represents a maximum level from which one could escape within 30 minutes without any escape-impairing symptoms or any irreversible health effects.

For this and the other 15 fields in this set, the data was parsed to determine and extract any significant (i.e. numeric) data and the units of that data (whether in parts per billion [ppb] or micrograms per metre cubed [ug/m3]). Please note that the original numeric data was in ppm (parts per million) and milligrams per cubic meter but has been deliberately multiplied by a factor of 1000 to avoid fractional values. If fractional values still remained, the figures were rounded down.

Any actual data present is shown in the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field although the extracted values are shown in the appropriate index but NOT in the record. This means that when terms are searched for in this field or selected from the associated index, hits will not be highlighted as the field is deliberately hidden from view. The reason that these fields are hidden is that CHRIS records are already long and detailed without the introduction of extra fields.

Arranging the data in this way allows one to determine the most dangerous and least dangerous substances quickly and effectively by either searching or using the numeric index for this field. For example the index for this field shows that carbon dioxide is the least dangerous chemical with a high ppb value of 40,000,000, whereas the first search example above will reveal the most dangerous substance on this basis in CHRIS, which is Pentaborane. The second search example reveals those substances in CHRIS with IDLH values between 2 and 4 ppm inclusive.

This is one of 16 specially constructed range-searchable limit fields originating from all exposure limit type data in CHRIS. This is the Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH) micrograms per cubic meter value. This concentration represents a maximum level from which one could escape within 30 minutes without any escape-impairing symptoms or any irreversible health effects.

For this and the other 15 fields in this set, the data was parsed to determine and extract any significant (i.e. numeric) data and the units of that data (whether in parts per billion [ppb] or micrograms per metre cubed [ug/m3]). Please note that the original numeric data was in ppm (parts per million) and milligrams per cubic meter but has been deliberately multiplied by a factor of 1000 to avoid fractional values. If fractional values still remained, the figures were rounded down.

Any actual data present is shown in the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field although the extracted values are shown in the appropriate index but NOT in the record. This means that when terms are searched for in this field or selected from the associated index, hits will not be highlighted as the field is deliberately hidden from view. The reason that these fields are hidden is that CHRIS records are already long and detailed without the introduction of extra fields.

Arranging the data in this way allows one to determine the most dangerous and least dangerous substances quickly and effectively by either searching or using the numeric index for this field. For example the index for this field shows that naphtha is the least dangerous chemical with a high ug/m3 value of 20,000,000, whereas the first search example above will reveal the most dangerous substance on this basis in CHRIS, which is lithium hydride. The second search example reveals those substances in CHRIS with IDLH values between 20 and 25 mg/m3 inclusive.

This is the number of Btu (British thermal units) needed to raise the temperature of one pound of gas by 1 deg Fahrenheit. The property can be used only when the pressure of the gas is less than about 10 atm. The ideal gas heat capacity is not a function of pressure (below about 10 atm), but it does increase with temperature and - where data is available - a table is given to show the effect.

This field contains the pollution classification applied to this compound by the International Maritime Organization.

The value is the heat (in Btu) required to raise the temperature of one pound of the liquid one degree Fahrenheit at constant pressure. For example, it requires almost 1 Btu to raise the temperature of 1 pound of water from 68 deg F to 69 deg F. The value is useful in calculating the increase in temperature of a liquid when it is heated, as in a fire. The value increases slightly with an increase in temperature; the data in the table - where available - shows this effect.

The value is a measure of the ability of a liquid to conduct heat. It represents the number of Btu per hour that pass through an area of liquid one square foot in cross-section when the temperature gradient is 1 deg F per inch of depth. Higher values indicate that the liquid conducts heat more readily. Where data exists, it is presented in tabular form.

The value (in centipoise) is a measure of the ability of a liquid to flow through a pipe or hole; higher values indicate that the liquid flows less readily under a fixed pressure head. For example, heavy oils have higher viscosities (i.e., are more viscous) than gasoline. Where data exists, it is presented in tabular form.

If this field exists it will contain a 'y' indicating that the chemical is listed in "List of Marine Pollutants", Appendix B to Part 172.101, Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations. Otherwise it will contain 'n' unless the chemical was not listed in the CFR, in which case the field will not appear in the record.

This is the value given is the weight of a molecule of the chemical relative to a value of 12 for one atom of carbon.

The molecular weight is useful in converting from molecular units to weight units and in calculating the pressure, volume and temperature relationships for gaseous materials. The ratio of the densities of any two gases is approximately equal to the ratio of their molecular weights (see the Density/Specific Gravity (DEN) field).

The molecular weights of mixtures can be calculated if both the identity and quantity of each component of the mixture are known. Because the composition of mixtures described in this manual is not known exactly, or because it varies from one shipment to another, no molecular weights are given for such mixtures.

In all cases involving accidental discharge, dilution with water may be followed by use of the agent specified, particularly if the material cannot be flushed away; the agent specified need not necessarily be used.

The indicated ratings are given in "Fire Protection Guide on Hazardous Materials", 7th ed., National Fire Protection Association, Boston, Mass., 1978. The classifications are defined below. The rating is described by up to 3 classifications (health hazard, flammability and recativity) plus up to 2 special (see below) classifications.

EXPLANATION OF NFPA HAZARD CLASSIFICATIONS

The first search example above finds those materials in CHRIS which exhibit the severest health hazard whilst the second search example will find all those substances which are both highly reactive with water and strongly oxidizing.

The OCPP field contains data on chemical and physical properties not present elsewhere in the CHRIS database. Where data exists, the following will be listed:

This is one of 16 specially constructed range-searchable limit fields originating from all exposure limit type data in CHRIS. This is the permissible exposure limit ceiling value as promulgated by OSHA (in micrograms per cubic meter) which cannot be exceeded at any time.

For this and the other 15 fields in this set, the data was parsed to determine and extract any significant (i.e. numeric) data and the units of that data (whether in parts per billion [ppb] or micrograms per metre cubed [ug/m3]). Please note that the original numeric data was in ppm (parts per million) and milligrams per cubic meter but has been deliberately multiplied by a factor of 1000 to avoid fractional values. If fractional values still remained, the figures were rounded down.

Any actual data present is shown in the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field although the extracted values are shown in the appropriate index but NOT in the record. This means that when terms are searched for in this field or selected from the associated index, hits will not be highlighted as the field is deliberately hidden from view. The reason that these fields are hidden is that CHRIS records are already long and detailed without the introduction of extra fields.

Arranging the data in this way allows one to determine the most dangerous and least dangerous substances quickly and effectively by either searching or using the numeric index for this field. There aren't very many CHRIS records carrying this data in ug/m3 but the search example given above will reveal the most dangerous chemicals with respect to this limit (beryllium and compounds).

This field contains the property of a substance that affects the sense of smell. It varies greatly in penetration, persistence, pleasantness, etc. "Characteristic" is often used when comparison to a categorical olfactory response is not possible. Examples are odorless, pungent, fruity, etc.

The OFHZ field contains fire hazard information not present elsewhere in the CHRIS database. Where data exists, the following will be listed:

This is one of 16 specially constructed range-searchable limit fields originating from all exposure limit type data in CHRIS. This is the permissible exposure limit ceiling value as promulgated by OSHA in (parts per billion) which cannot be exceeded at any time.

For this and the other 15 fields in this set, the data was parsed to determine and extract any significant (i.e. numeric) data and the units of that data (whether in parts per billion [ppb] or micrograms per metre cubed [ug/m3]). Please note that the original numeric data was in ppm (parts per million) and milligrams per cubic meter but has been deliberately multiplied by a factor of 1000 to avoid fractional values. If fractional values still remained, the figures were rounded down.

Any actual data present is shown in the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field although the extracted values are shown in the appropriate index but NOT in the record. This means that when terms are searched for in this field or selected from the associated index, hits will not be highlighted as the field is deliberately hidden from view. The reason that these fields are hidden is that CHRIS records are already long and detailed without the introduction of extra fields.

Arranging the data in this way allows one to determine the most dangerous and least dangerous substances quickly and effectively by either searching or using the numeric index for this field. There aren't very many CHRIS records carrying this data in ppb but the search example given above will reveal the most dangerous chemicals with respect to this limit (diphenylmethane diisocyanate and toluene-2,4-diisocyanate).

This is one of 16 specially constructed range-searchable limit fields originating from all exposure limit type data in CHRIS. This is the permissible exposure limit short-term exposure limit value as promulgated by OSHA. The parts of vapor (gas per billion parts of contaminated air) by volume at 25 deg C (77 deg F) and one atmosphere pressure is given. The values given are the maximum permissible average exposures for the time periods specified - see the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field for timing information.

For this and the other 15 fields in this set, the data was parsed to determine and extract any significant (i.e. numeric) data and the units of that data (whether in parts per billion [ppb] or micrograms per metre cubed [ug/m3]). Please note that the original numeric data was in ppm (parts per million) and milligrams per cubic meter but has been deliberately multiplied by a factor of 1000 to avoid fractional values. If fractional values still remained, the figures were rounded down.

Any actual data present is shown in the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field although the extracted values are shown in the appropriate index but NOT in the record. This means that when terms are searched for in this field or selected from the associated index, hits will not be highlighted as the field is deliberately hidden from view. The reason that these fields are hidden is that CHRIS records are already long and detailed without the introduction of extra fields.

Arranging the data in this way allows one to determine the most dangerous and least dangerous substances quickly and effectively by either searching or using the numeric index for this field. There aren't very many CHRIS records carrying this data in ppb but the search example given above will reveal the most dangerous chemicals with respect to this limit (benzene and ethylene dibromide).

This is one of 16 specially constructed range-searchable limit fields originating from all exposure limit type data in CHRIS. This is the permissible exposure limit short-term exposure limit value as promulgated by OSHA. The limits are given in milligrams per cubic meter for chemicals that can form a fine mist or dust. The values given are the maximum permissible average exposures for the time periods specified - see the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field for timing information.

For this and the other 15 fields in this set, the data was parsed to determine and extract any significant (i.e. numeric) data and the units of that data (whether in parts per billion [ppb] or micrograms per metre cubed [ug/m3]). Please note that the original numeric data was in ppm (parts per million) and milligrams per cubic meter but has been deliberately multiplied by a factor of 1000 to avoid fractional values. If fractional values still remained, the figures were rounded down.

Any actual data present is shown in the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field although the extracted values are shown in the appropriate index but NOT in the record. This means that when terms are searched for in this field or selected from the associated index, hits will not be highlighted as the field is deliberately hidden from view. The reason that these fields are hidden is that CHRIS records are already long and detailed without the introduction of extra fields.

Arranging the data in this way allows one to determine the most dangerous and least dangerous substances quickly and effectively by either searching or using the numeric index for this field. There are currently only 6 records carrying information in these units (berrylium and compounds).

The OTHH field contains toxicity and irritant information for (human) health hazards. Where data exists, the following will be listed:

This is one of 16 specially constructed range-searchable limit fields originating from all exposure limit type data in CHRIS. This is the odor threshold, the lowest concentration in air that most humans can detect by smell. The value cannot be relied on to prevent over-exposure, because human sensitivity to odors varies over wide limits, some chemicals cannot be smelled at toxic concentrations, odors can be masked by other odors, and some compounds rapidly deaden the sense of smell.

For this and the other 15 fields in this set, the data was parsed to determine and extract any significant (i.e. numeric) data and the units of that data (whether in parts per billion [ppb] or micrograms per metre cubed [ug/m3]). Please note that the original numeric data was in ppm (parts per million) and milligrams per cubic meter but has been deliberately multiplied by a factor of 1000 to avoid fractional values. If fractional values still remained, the figures were rounded down.

Any actual data present is shown in the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field although the extracted values are shown in the appropriate index but NOT in the record. This means that when terms are searched for in this field or selected from the associated index, hits will not be highlighted as the field is deliberately hidden from view. The reason that these fields are hidden is that CHRIS records are already long and detailed without the introduction of extra fields.

Arranging the data in this way allows one to determine the most dangerous and least dangerous substances quickly and effectively by either searching or using the numeric index for this field. The search example given above will reveal the most odorous chemicals in CHRIS for which data was available and this list includes acetyl bromide and p-cresol.

This is one of 16 specially constructed range-searchable limit fields originating from all exposure limit type data in CHRIS. This is the odor threshold, the lowest concentration in air that most humans can detect by smell. The value cannot be relied on to prevent over-exposure, because human sensitivity to odors varies over wide limits, some chemicals cannot be smelled at toxic concentrations, odors can be masked by other odors, and some compounds rapidly deaden the sense of smell.

For this and the other 15 fields in this set, the data was parsed to determine and extract any significant (i.e. numeric) data and the units of that data (whether in parts per billion [ppb] or micrograms per metre cubed [ug/m3]). Please note that the original numeric data was in ppm (parts per million) and milligrams per cubic meter but has been deliberately multiplied by a factor of 1000 to avoid fractional values. If fractional values still remained, the figures were rounded down.

Any actual data present is shown in the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field although the extracted values are shown in the appropriate index but NOT in the record. This means that when terms are searched for in this field or selected from the associated index, hits will not be highlighted as the field is deliberately hidden from view. The reason that these fields are hidden is that CHRIS records are already long and detailed without the introduction of extra fields.

Arranging the data in this way allows one to determine the most dangerous and least dangerous substances quickly and effectively by either searching or using the numeric index for this field. The search example given above will reveal the most odorous chemical for which there is data in CHRIS which is selenium (in the selenium dioxide record).

This is one of 16 specially constructed range-searchable limit fields originating from all exposure limit type data in CHRIS. This is the permissible exposure limit time-weighted average value as promulgated by OSHA in parts per billion at 25 deg C (77 deg F). The TLV-TWA is defined as the concentration of the substance in air that can be breathed for five consecutive eight-hour workdays (40-hour work week) by most people without adverse effect (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, "Threshold Limit Values for Substance in Workroom Air, Adopted by ACGIH"). The OSHA definition is similar.

As some people become ill after exposure to concentrations lower than the TLV-TWA, this value cannot be used to define exactly what is a "safe" or "dangerous" concentration.

For this and the other 15 fields in this set, the data was parsed to determine and extract any significant (i.e. numeric) data and the units of that data (whether in parts per billion [ppb] or micrograms per metre cubed [ug/m3]). Please note that the original numeric data was in ppm (parts per million) and milligrams per cubic meter but has been deliberately multiplied by a factor of 1000 to avoid fractional values. If fractional values still remained, the figures were rounded down.

Any actual data present is shown in the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field although the extracted values are shown in the appropriate index but NOT in the record. This means that when terms are searched for in this field or selected from the associated index, hits will not be highlighted as the field is deliberately hidden from view. The reason that these fields are hidden is that CHRIS records are already long and detailed without the introduction of extra fields.

Arranging the data in this way allows one to determine the most dangerous and least dangerous substances quickly and effectively by either searching or using the numeric index for this field. The search example given above will reveal the most dangerous chemicals with respect to this limit (nickel carbonyl).

This is one of 16 specially constructed range-searchable limit fields originating from all exposure limit type data in CHRIS. This is the permissible exposure limit time-weighted average value as promulgated by OSHA in micrograms per cubic metre. The TLV-TWA is defined as the concentration of the substance in air that can be breathed for five consecutive eight-hour workdays (40-hour work week) by most people without adverse effect (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, "Threshold Limit Values for Substance in Workroom Air, Adopted by ACGIH"). The OSHA definition is similar.

As some people become ill after exposure to concentrations lower than the TLV-TWA, this value cannot be used to define exactly what is a "safe" or "dangerous" concentration.

For this and the other 15 fields in this set, the data was parsed to determine and extract any significant (i.e. numeric) data and the units of that data (whether in parts per billion [ppb] or micrograms per metre cubed [ug/m3]). Please note that the original numeric data was in ppm (parts per million) and milligrams per cubic meter but has been deliberately multiplied by a factor of 1000 to avoid fractional values. If fractional values still remained, the figures were rounded down.

Any actual data present is shown in the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field although the extracted values are shown in the appropriate index but NOT in the record. This means that when terms are searched for in this field or selected from the associated index, hits will not be highlighted as the field is deliberately hidden from view. The reason that these fields are hidden is that CHRIS records are already long and detailed without the introduction of extra fields.

Arranging the data in this way allows one to determine the most dangerous and least dangerous substances quickly and effectively by either searching or using the numeric index for this field. Browsing the index shows that cadmium and compounds are only slightly less dangerous than beryllium and compounds (5 and 2 ug/m3 respectively). The search example given above will reveal the least dangerous substances, sucrose and calcium hydroxide amongst them.

CHRIS includes two fields for substance names. This field contains a single, common, generally recognized name of the chemical. The Synonyms (SY) field contains additional chemical, generic, trivial or trade name(s) of the substance. Each of these fields can be searched individually but in general it is best to use the combination Name Fragments header (ZNF) to search both fields SIMULTANEOUSLY because the name you use may not be the CHRIS name selected for the record.

In many cases names have been hyphenated. That is to say that all space characters in the name have been changed to hyphens and a terminal hyphen added. Where this occurs and given the way SPIRS works, this means that the whole name appears in the index in hyphenated form together with each individual term making up the word. The hyphenation and terminal hyphen acts as a device to indicate that the term does indeed come from the prime name or synonym field as opposed to other free text fields where the name will not, in general, be hyphenated in this way. There is another important reason for adding a terminal hyphen - to aid focussed retrieval. For example, the search benzene- in pn retrieves only the one record for the substance benzene, while benzene in pn retrieves all records containing the word 'benzene' in the PN field. Similarly, acetic-acid- in pn retrieves only the single record for acetic acid, while acetic acid in pn retrieves any record with those two words adjacent to each other in the PN field. Whilst this device does not always work, it will always reduce the number of irrelevant records retrieved, in some cases dramatically.

As a general rule, hyphenation is not attempted in names which contain 'natural breaks' (such as parentheses, curly braces, brackets, slash characters etc.) or characters other than alphanumerics, commas, hyphens or spaces or names which are over 90 characters long.

This field is always present in CHRIS records.

Each word that appears in the PN field is searchable separately. All parts of common and chemical names, including parent, substituents, modifiers, and locants are individually or collectively searchable, as in the above examples.

Do NOT include commas, colons, apostrophes, + characters, etc. in your search statement. Also, parentheses, curly and square brackets should be replaced by spaces in searches. Greek characters should first be translated to their equivalent English words before searching. This translation of Greek characters to words takes place throughout the database, not only in this field. See the section on Character Set and Indexing for more information.

It is strongly recommended that you employ the technique of lateral searching (see the general Help Index for more information) when searching for long, complex names or parts of names from the records display area or free text index. Apart from saving you keystrokes, the retrieval software will ensure that the phrase is correctly presented to the search engine. For more information on searching from the index, see the index searching section.

Information about polymerization and inhibitors thereof in this field are preceded by the strings "Polymerization: " and "Inhibitor(s) of Polymerization: " respectively.

A few chemicals can undergo rapid polymerization to form sticky, resinous materials, with the liberation of much heat. The containers may explode. For these chemicals the conditions under which the reaction can occur are given. See the Heat of Polymerisation section in the Other Chemical and Physical Properties field (OCPP) field for quantitative data.

The chemical names and concentrations of inhibitors added by the manufacturer to prevent polymerization are given where known.

The 4 character identification number assigned to this chemical appears in this field, if it is a waste, under the Resources Conservation and Recovery Act.

This field contains preliminary spill response narrative and what initial precautions should be taken.

The second search example reveals those records which have no reaction with water - note the use of the near1 operator so that hits are excluded with respect to common materials.

The RN field contains a unique number of up to nine digits assigned by Chemical Abstracts Service to identify a single chemical substance. Consequently, if this number is known, this is an efficient and unambiguous way of searching for a chemical; likewise with the CHRIS Identifier (AN) field. The last single digit after the second hyphen is a check-digit generated from the other remaining digits in the value.

The number is always expressed in a hyphenated format with any leading zeroes omitted. When searching in the RN field, include the hyphens; truncation and wildcards can be used as well (see the first search above) as sometimes similar CAS numbers refer to similar chemicals.

As the number is also indexed as free text, you need not type in the field label - see the third search example given above.

The minimum quantity, in pounds, that must be reported to EPA in the event of a spill. This value is taken from "A List of Hazardous Substances and Reportable Quantities", Appendix A to Part 172.101, Title 49 of the Code of Federal Regulations.

The value is the weight (in pounds) of one cubic foot of vapor that is in equilibrium with the liquid form.

If it is assumed that the vapor behaves as an ideal gas, the relation pM/RT holds, where p is the vapor pressure, M is the molecular weight, R is the gas constant, and T is the temperature (in absolute units).

Since the vapor pressure varies with temperature, the saturated vapor density also varies with temperature, as shown in the tables where data is present.

The SHPI field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

----SHIPPING INFORMATION CATEGORY (USE CODE ZSHP).

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter. The Shipping Information category (ZSHP) is associated with this message field.

Where both identifiers appear, the IMO number appears first (preceded by the string "IMO") followed by the UN number (preceded by the string "UN").

The first designation is that of the "International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code" published by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), London.

The United Nations Number is a four-figure code used to identify hazardous chemicals and is used for identification of chemicals transported internationally by road, rail, sea and air.

Occasionally, a single number is listed which is preceded by the string NA. This means that the substance is being regulated when shipped within North America and due to trade agreements between Canada, Mexico and the USA.

The data entry refers to construction and containment requirements for ships being used to transport the chemical in question. The information is taken from the Code of Federal Regulations, Title 46, Part 154. The relevant CFR text is quoted below. Please note that in CHRIS the letters that form the types quoted below are not used.

"Sec. 154.235 Cargo tank location.

The four or five digit code identifying the chemical's commodity category per revision 3 of the subject classification. These codes are compatible with the International Harmonized System codes used in foreign trade.

Where possible, the text corresponding to the SITC Number has been placed in this field. This allows searching for substance types with text rather than a number as the search example shows.

The value is the weight (in pounds) of one cubic foot of liquid that is in equilibrium with its vapor. Liquid densities decrease slightly with an increase in temperature; where literature data or reliable estimation methods were applicable, a table shows this effect.

The value represents the pounds of a chemical that will dissolve in 100 pounds of pure water. Solubility usually increases when the temperature increases; where the change has been measured, a table is given to show the effect. The following terms are used when numerical data are either unavailable or not applicable:
The term "Miscible" means that the chemical mixes with water in all proportions. The term "Reacts" means that the substance reacts chemically with water; thus, its solubility has no real meaning. "Insoluble" usually means that very little of the chemical dissolves in 100 pounds of water. (Weak solutions of "Insoluble" materials may still be hazardous to humans, fish, and waterfowl, however.)

The value is the pressure (in pounds per square inch absolute) of the vapor in equilibrium with the liquid form at the specified temperature. Vapor pressure values can be used to estimate the relative volatility of chemicals at a given temperature, and to calculate the pressure over a liquid that is shipped in a closed container.

The vapor pressure increases as temperature increases; a table is given to show this effect where data is available. Note that the vapor pressure scale is logarithmic.

The term “stable” means that the chemical will not decompose in a hazardous manner under the conditions of temperature, pressure, and mechanical shock that are normally encountered during shipment; the term does not apply to fire situations. Where there is a possibility of hazardous decomposition, an indication of the conditions and the nature of the hazard is given.

This field contains the structural formula where it can be unambiguously represented by a character string. For addition compounds, salts and other substances that include a full-stop in the simple structure, a space has been inserted before the full-stop to make both parts of the structure searchable. For example, aluminium chloride solution is represented as AlCl3 .H2O so that H2O becomes searchable as a separate entity.

The STRG field some shipping storage information for the substance. Where data exists, the following will be listed:

This property is a measure of the tensile force at the surface of a liquid that tends to shape liquid fragments into spherical drops. Values are expressed in dynes per centimeter and newtons per meter. Liquids with high surface tensions show less tendency to spread. Water has a surface tension of about 73 dynes/cm; seawater has a slightly higher value.

As the information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

For most of the chemicals in CHRIS, several chemical names and numerous trade, generic and trivial names may be applied to describe the chemical in question. In this field, many of these names are identified to aid responders and users on the range of names which have been used to describe each substance. Occasionally, the 9CI designator (CAS 9th Collective Index) appears in this field.

Hyphenation has been applied exactly as for prime names.

Each word that appears in this field is searchable separately. All parts of common and chemical names, including parent, substituents, modifiers, and locants are individually or collectively searchable.

Do NOT include commas, colons, apostrophes, + characters, etc. in your search statement. Also, parentheses, curly and square brackets should be replaced by spaces in searches. Greek characters should first be translated to their equivalent English words before searching. See the section on Character Set and Indexing for more information.

It is strongly recommended that you employ the technique of lateral searching (see the general Help Index for more information) when searching for long, complex names or parts of names from the records display area or free text index. Apart from saving you keystrokes, the retrieval software will ensure that the phrase is correctly presented to the search engine. For more information on searching from the index, see the index searching section.

In general it is best to use the combination Name Fragments header (ZNF) to search both this field and the Prime Name fields SIMULTANEOUSLY because the name you use may not be in the list of CHRIS synonyms.

This is one of 16 specially constructed range-searchable limit fields originating from all exposure limit type data in CHRIS. This is the Threshold Limit - Ceiling (as promulgated by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)) value in parts per billion. The parts of vapor (gas per billion parts of contaminated air) by volume at 25 deg C (77 deg F) and one atmosphere pressure is given. The values given are for a concentration that is not to be exceeded at any time.

For this and the other 15 fields in this set, the data was parsed to determine and extract any significant (i.e. numeric) data and the units of that data (whether in parts per billion [ppb] or micrograms per metre cubed [ug/m3]). Please note that the original numeric data was in ppm (parts per million) and milligrams per cubic meter but has been deliberately multiplied by a factor of 1000 to avoid fractional values. If fractional values still remained, the figures were rounded down.

Any actual data present is shown in the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field although the extracted values are shown in the appropriate index but NOT in the record. This means that when terms are searched for in this field or selected from the associated index, hits will not be highlighted as the field is deliberately hidden from view. The reason that these fields are hidden is that CHRIS records are already long and detailed without the introduction of extra fields.

Arranging the data in this way allows one to determine the most dangerous and least dangerous substances quickly and effectively by either searching or using the numeric index for this field. The search example above finds the most dangerous chemicals with respect to this value in CHRIS (Beryllium and compounds). Browsing through to the bottom of the index shows the carbon dioxide is the least harmful with a ceiling value of 30,000 ppm.

This is one of 16 specially constructed range-searchable limit fields originating from all exposure limit type data in CHRIS. This is the Threshold Limit - Ceiling (as promulgated by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)) value in micrograms per cubic meter for chemicals that can form a fine mist or dust. The values given are for a concentration that is not to be exceeded at any time.

For this and the other 15 fields in this set, the data was parsed to determine and extract any significant (i.e. numeric) data and the units of that data (whether in parts per billion [ppb] or micrograms per metre cubed [ug/m3]). Please note that the original numeric data was in ppm (parts per million) and milligrams per cubic meter but has been deliberately multiplied by a factor of 1000 to avoid fractional values. If fractional values still remained, the figures were rounded down.

Any actual data present is shown in the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field although the extracted values are shown in the appropriate index but NOT in the record. This means that when terms are searched for in this field or selected from the associated index, hits will not be highlighted as the field is deliberately hidden from view. The reason that these fields are hidden is that CHRIS records are already long and detailed without the introduction of extra fields.

Arranging the data in this way allows one to determine the most dangerous and least dangerous substances quickly and effectively by either searching or using the numeric index for this field. The search example above finds the most dangerous chemicals with respect to this value in CHRIS (Beryllium and compounds).

This field displays both OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration) and ACGIH ( American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists) TLV data together with Odor Thresholds and IDLH values.

This data - if available - is also used (if applicable) in the following fields where numeric range searches can be performed:-

This is one of 16 specially constructed range-searchable limit fields originating from all exposure limit type data in CHRIS. This is the threshold limit value short-term exposure limit value as promulgated by the ACGIH. The parts of vapor (gas per billion parts of contaminated air) by volume at 25 deg C (77 deg F) and one atmosphere pressure is given. The values given are the maximum permissible average exposures for the time periods specified - see the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field for timing information.

For this and the other 15 fields in this set, the data was parsed to determine and extract any significant (i.e. numeric) data and the units of that data (whether in parts per billion [ppb] or micrograms per metre cubed [ug/m3]). Please note that the original numeric data was in ppm (parts per million) and milligrams per cubic meter but has been deliberately multiplied by a factor of 1000 to avoid fractional values. If fractional values still remained, the figures were rounded down.

Any actual data present is shown in the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field although the extracted values are shown in the appropriate index but NOT in the record. This means that when terms are searched for in this field or selected from the associated index, hits will not be highlighted as the field is deliberately hidden from view. The reason that these fields are hidden is that CHRIS records are already long and detailed without the introduction of extra fields.

Arranging the data in this way allows one to determine the most dangerous and least dangerous substances quickly and effectively by either searching or using the numeric index for this field. There aren't very many CHRIS records carrying this data in ppb but the search example given above will reveal the most dangerous chemicals with respect to this limit (chloroacetyl chloride and decaborane).

This is one of 16 specially constructed range-searchable limit fields originating from all exposure limit type data in CHRIS. This is the threshold limit value short-term exposure limit value as promulgated by the ACGIH. The limits are given in milligrams per cubic meter for chemicals that can form a fine mist or dust. The values given are the maximum permissible average exposures for the time periods specified - see the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field for timing information.

For this and the other 15 fields in this set, the data was parsed to determine and extract any significant (i.e. numeric) data and the units of that data (whether in parts per billion [ppb] or micrograms per metre cubed [ug/m3]). Please note that the original numeric data was in ppm (parts per million) and milligrams per cubic meter but has been deliberately multiplied by a factor of 1000 to avoid fractional values. If fractional values still remained, the figures were rounded down.

Any actual data present is shown in the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field although the extracted values are shown in the appropriate index but NOT in the record. This means that when terms are searched for in this field or selected from the associated index, hits will not be highlighted as the field is deliberately hidden from view. The reason that these fields are hidden is that CHRIS records are already long and detailed without the introduction of extra fields.

Arranging the data in this way allows one to determine the most dangerous and least dangerous substances quickly and effectively by either searching or using the numeric index for this field. There are currently only a few records carrying information in these units and the value for berrylium is the smallest (see search example above).

This is one of 16 specially constructed range-searchable limit fields originating from all exposure limit type data in CHRIS. This is the threshold limit value time-weighted average in parts per billion at 25 deg C (77 deg F). The TLV-TWA is defined as the concentration of the substance in air that can be breathed for five consecutive eight-hour workdays (40-hour work week) by most people without adverse effect (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, "Threshold Limit Values for Substance in Workroom Air, Adopted by ACGIH"). The OSHA definition is similar.

As some people become ill after exposure to concentrations lower than the TLV-TWA, this value cannot be used to define exactly what is a "safe" or "dangerous" concentration.

For this and the other 15 fields in this set, the data was parsed to determine and extract any significant (i.e. numeric) data and the units of that data (whether in parts per billion [ppb] or micrograms per metre cubed [ug/m3]). Please note that the original numeric data was in ppm (parts per million) and milligrams per cubic meter but has been deliberately multiplied by a factor of 1000 to avoid fractional values. If fractional values still remained, the figures were rounded down.

Any actual data present is shown in the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field although the extracted values are shown in the appropriate index but NOT in the record. This means that when terms are searched for in this field or selected from the associated index, hits will not be highlighted as the field is deliberately hidden from view. The reason that these fields are hidden is that CHRIS records are already long and detailed without the introduction of extra fields.

Arranging the data in this way allows one to determine the most dangerous and least dangerous substances quickly and effectively by either searching or using the numeric index for this field. The search example given above will reveal the most dangerous chemicals with respect to this limit at 4 and 5 ppb.

This is one of 16 specially constructed range-searchable limit fields originating from all exposure limit type data in CHRIS. This is the threshold limit value time-weighted average in micrograms per cubic metre. The TLV-TWA is defined as the concentration of the substance in air that can be breathed for five consecutive eight-hour workdays (40-hour work week) by most people without adverse effect (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, "Threshold Limit Values for Substance in Workroom Air, Adopted by ACGIH"). The OSHA definition is similar.

As some people become ill after exposure to concentrations lower than the TLV-TWA, this value cannot be used to define exactly what is a "safe" or "dangerous" concentration.

For this and the other 15 fields in this set, the data was parsed to determine and extract any significant (i.e. numeric) data and the units of that data (whether in parts per billion [ppb] or micrograms per metre cubed [ug/m3]). Please note that the original numeric data was in ppm (parts per million) and milligrams per cubic meter but has been deliberately multiplied by a factor of 1000 to avoid fractional values. If fractional values still remained, the figures were rounded down.

Any actual data present is shown in the Threshold Limit Values (TLV) field although the extracted values are shown in the appropriate index but NOT in the record. This means that when terms are searched for in this field or selected from the associated index, hits will not be highlighted as the field is deliberately hidden from view. The reason that these fields are hidden is that CHRIS records are already long and detailed without the introduction of extra fields.

Arranging the data in this way allows one to determine the most dangerous and least dangerous substances quickly and effectively by either searching or using the numeric index for this field. The search example given reveals that strontium chromate and calcium chromate are deemed most dangerous for this CHRIS data.

This field contains a selection of predefined sentences describing the effects of water pollution (e.g. fouling to shoreline) and response actions to take (e.g. notify local health and wildlife officials).

Note that the word not in the search example above is within quotation marks; otherwise it would be interpreted as the not operator by the search engine as opposed to the word not.

If this field exists it contains a 'y' to indicate that the chemical is listed in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

The WPOL field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

WATER POLLUTION AND TOXICITY CATEGORY (USE CODE ZWAT)

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter. The Water Pollution and Toxicity category (ZWAT) is associated with this message field.

The ZCPP header combines the following fields so that you can show, download or print them simultaneously:

The Backpage data is so-called as this information appears on the back page of the physical CHRIS substance sheet.

The ZCPP category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

The ZFIR category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

The ZHAZ category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

The ZHUE category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

The ZID category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

The ZNF header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

You should use this field to search for chemical names unless you are sure that the name that you are using is either in the PN or SY field.

The ZREA category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

The ZRES category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

The ZSHP category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

The ZWAT category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

The Citation is a special subset of fields consisting of the following:

CHRIS Identifier (AN)
Prime Name of Substance (PN)
Synonyms (SY)
CAS Registry Number (RN)
Shipping Name/Number - (IMO/UN Designation) (SHPN)
DOT ID (Department of Transportation) (DOT)
Color/Form (COFO)
NFPA Hazard Classification (NFPA)
Odor (ODOR)

The Citation serves as an easy way to display, print or download only these fields for a set of records and is included for unique record identification purposes. For information about downloading or printing data, please refer to the general Help Index.

of

1). Non-oxidizing mineral acids

3). Nitric acid

4). Organic acids

5). Caustics

6). Ammonia

7). Aliphatic amines

8). Alkanolamines

9). Aromatic amines

10). Amides

11). Organic anhydrides

12). Isocyanates

13). Vinyl acetate

14). Acrylates

15). Substituted allyls

16). Alkylene oxides

17). Epichlorohydrin

18). Ketones

19). Aldehydes

20). Alcohols and glycols

21). Phenols and cresols

22). Caprolactam solution

30). Olefins

32). Aromatic hydrocarbons

33). Miscellaneous hydrocarbon mixtures

34). Esters

35). Vinyl halides

37). Nitriles

38). Carbon disulfide

40). Glycol ethers

41). Ethers

42). Nitrocompounds

43). Miscellaneous water solutions

Acetone cyanohydrin (0)

Acrolein (19)

Acrylic acid (4)

Acrylonitrile (15)

Alkylbenzenesulfonic acid (0)

Allyl alcohol (15)

Alkyl (C7-C9) nitrates (34)

Aluminum sulfate solution (43)

Ammonium bisulfite solution (43)

Benzenesulfonyl chloride (0)

1,4-Butylene glycol (20)

gamma-Butyrolactone (0)

Caustic soda solution, 50% or less (5)

Crotonaldehyde (19)

Cyclohexanone, Cyclohexanol mixture (18)

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Triisopropanolamine salt solution (43)

2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Dimethylamine salt solution (0)

Dimethyl hydrogen phosphite (34)

Dimethyl naphthalene sulfonic acid, sodium salt solution (34)

Dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid (0)

Ethylenediamine (7)

Ethylene dichloride (36)

Ethylidene norbonene (30)

2-Ethyl-3-propylacrolein (19)

Ferric hydroxyethylethylenediamine triacetic acid, Sodium salt solution (43)

Fish oil (34)

Formaldehyde (over 50%) in Methyl alcohol (over 30%) (19)

Formic acid (4)

Furfuryl alcohol (20)

2-Hydroxyethyl acrylate

Isophorone (18)

Magnesium chloride solution (0)

Mesityl oxide (18)

Methacrylonitrile (15)

Methyl tert-butyl ether (41)

Naphtha, cracking fraction (33)

o-Nitrophenol (0)

Octyl nitrates (all isomers) see Alkyl (C7-C9) nitrates.

Oleum (0)

Phthalate based polyester polyol (0)

Pentene, Miscellaneous hydrocarbon mixtures (30)

Polyglycerine, Sodium salts solution (20)

Sodium acetate, Glycol, Water mixture (1% or less Sodium hydroxide) (34)

Sodium chlorate solution (50% or less) (0)

Sodium dichromate solution (70% or less) (0)

Sodium dimethyl naphthalene sulfonate solution (34)

Sodium hydrogen sulfide, Sodium carbonate solution (0)

Sodium hydrosulfide (5)

Sodium hydrosulfide, Ammonium sulfide solution (5)

Sodium polyacrylate solution (43)

Sodium salt of Ferric hydroxyethylethylenediamine triacetic acid solution (43)

Sodium silicate solution (43)

Sodium sulfide, hydrosulfide solution (0)

Sodium thiocyanate (56% or less) (0)

Sulfonated polyacrylate solution (43)

Sulfuric acid (2)

Tallow fatty acid (34)

1,1,1-Trichloroethane (36)

Trichlorethylene (36)

Triethyl phosphite (34)

Trimethyl phosphite (34)

1,3,5-Trioxane (41)

Acetone (18)

Acetone cyanohydrin (0)

Acrylonitrile (15)

1,3-Butylene glycol (20)

1,4-Butylene glycol (20)

Gamma-Butyrolactone(0)

Caustic potash, 50% or less (5)

Caustic soda, 50% or less (5)

Dodecyl and Tetradecylamine mixture (7)

Ethylenediamine (7)

Oleum (0)

1,2-Propylene glycol (20)

Sodium dichromate, 70% (0)

Sodium hydrosulfide solution (5)

Sulfuric acid (2)

Sulfuric acid, 98% or less (2)