ZID  Substance Identification  [ID]
 - ZNF  Name Fragments (*)

ZPHC  Pharmacology  [PHCY]

Other Occupational Permissible Levels

Atmospheric Standards

Other Preventive Measures

Atmospheric Concentrations

OSHA Standards

Allowable Tolerances

Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient

Autoignition Temperature

Plant/Fish & Seafood/Animal Concentrations

Average Daily Intake

pH

Biological Half-Life

Bioconcentration

Prime Name of Substance

Biodegradation

Polymerization

Bionecessity

Populations At Special Risk

Body Burdens

Boiling Point

Radiation Limits and Potential

Evidence of Carcinogenicity

RCRA Requirements

SRP Review Date (*)

Clinical Laboratory Methods

Reactivities and Incompatibilities

Record Status

Color/Form

Additional References (*)

Corrosivity

Related HSDB Records

Consumption Patterns

Chemical and Physical Properties (*)

Special Reports

Critical Temperature and Pressure

Approximate Record Size ('000's Bytes)

Clean Water Act Requirements

Probable Routes of Human Exposure

Decomposition

Safety and Handling (*)

Density/Specific Gravity

Sampling Procedures

Disposal Methods

Sediment/Soil Concentrations

DOT Emergency Guidelines

Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations

Dissociation Constants

Shipment Methods and Regulations

Effluents Concentrations

Shipping Name/Number - DOT/UN/NA/IMO

Environmental Fate/Exposure Potential (*)

Sources of Data (*)

Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary

Solubilities

Protective Equipment and Clothing

Spectral Properties

Ecotoxicity Excerpts

Stability/Shelf Life

Ecotoxicity Values

Soil Standards

Relative Evaporation Rate

Explosive Limits and Potential

Storage Conditions

Exposure Standards and Regulations (*)

Environmental Fate

Synonyms

FDA Requirements

Taste

Test Status

Fire Fighting Procedures

Therapeutic Uses

Flammable Limits

Threshold Limit Values

Flash Point

Drug Tolerance

Food Survey Values

Toxicity/Biomedical Effects (*)

Formulations/Preparations

Fire Potential

Toxicity Summary

EPA Hazardous Waste Number

TSCA Requirements

Hazards Summary

Prior History of Accidents

Major Uses

Heat of Combustion

Vapor Pressure

Heat of Vaporization

Vapor Density

Viscosity

Volatilization From Water/Soil

Drug Idiosyncracies

Drug Warning

Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health

Water Concentrations

Impurities

Federal/State Drinking Water Standards/Guidelines

Soil Adsorption/Mobility

Human Toxicity Excerpts

Monitoring and Analysis Methods (*)

Human Toxicity Excerpts (continued)

Manufacturing/Use Information (*)

Medical Surveillance

Human Toxicity Excerpts (continued)

Metabolism/Metabolites

Interactions

Molecular Formula

Interactions (continued)

Manufacturers

Interactions (continued)

Milk Concentrations

Interactions (continued)

Minimum/Potential Fatal Human Dose

Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

Methods of Manufacturing

Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (continued)

Melting Point

Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (continued)

Molecular Weight

Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (continued)

Maximum Drug Dose

TSCA Test Submissions

TSCA Test Submissions (continued)

TSCA Test Submissions (continued)

NIOSH Recommendations

TSCA Test Submissions (continued)

National Toxicology Program Reports

Human Toxicity Excerpts

Manufacturing/Use Information

Interactions

Name Fragments

Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts

Occupational Permissible Levels

TSCA Test Submissions

Other Standards and Regulations

Chemical and Physical Properties

Pharmacology

Environmental Concentrations

Environmental Fate/Exposure Potential

Pollution Sources

Environmental Transport

Preventive Measures

Additional References

Exposure Standards and Regulations

Safety and Handling

Fire Fighting Information

Toxicity/Biomedical Effects

Toxicity Excerpts

Hazardous Reactions

Human Exposure

Water Standards and Guidelines

Substance Id

Warning Properties

Monitoring and Analysis Methods

This field contains information regarding the degradation of the chemical by abiotic processes, such as hydrolysis, photodegradation, or other chemical reactions in the environment.

The ACTN field contains information on how an agent produces its (toxic) effect(s).  If a drug, then the therapeutic action of the agent will also be described here.

This field contains free text information about the route(s) and rate(s) of absorption, distribution and excretion of the substance; its concentration in body fluids and tissues; the site of its accumulation in vivo; and the form of the excretion and the route.

The amount of a chemical that can be taken daily over a lifetime with minimal risk; usually calculated by dividing the highest no-effect dose determined in laboratory tests by a safety factor of 100.

The example search given will retrieve those records for which numeric data is available (normally quoted in mg/l or mg/kg).

Laboratory assay methods, such as tests for purity, workplace and personnel contamination, and for environmental pollutants.  Includes both biological and chemical assays and standard methods from EPA and NIOSH.

A unique identification number, up to 4 digits, assigned by NLM to each substance for internal control.  This is an efficient and unambiguous way to locate the record for a particular substance.  To find all other HSDB records related to the substance, click on the accession number(s) in the Related HSDB Records (RELT) field.

This field occurs in EVERY record.

Free text information on medical treatment for humans and domestic animals with acute or chronic exposure to toxic substances, on the prevention of toxic effects and on emergency medical procedures.

The ARTS field contains information concerning sources of pollution from industrial operations, processes or applications, e.g. vaporization losses, stack emissions, overflow run-off.

This field contains the names (in original, unhyphenated form - see the Prime Name (PN) field) and CAS Registry Numbers (RN) of chemical substances for which there are no HSDB records, but information about which can be found in the HSDB record for the title compound.  This field may list chemicals which are salts, hydrate, etc. of the title compound.

For example, there are no HSDB records for sodium saccharin or calcium saccharin, but the HSDB record for saccharin (AN #669) does contain information about these salts, and so their names and CAS Registry numbers are found in the ASCH field.  The format for this field is chemical name; CAS Registry number, e.g., Sodium Saccharin; 128-44-9.

The data in this field contain key standards (e.g. allowable concentrations) promulgated under federal air pollution control statutes including the Clean Air Act.

The example search given will find all the chemicals in HSDB which have been designated as "hazardous air pollutants" under section 112 of the Clean Air Act.

Concentrations of the chemical in the atmosphere, including geographical location of measurement.

The ATOL field contains legal limits for the concentration of the compound on or in specific foods, established under the authority of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act, as amended.  Also, the US Environmental Protection Agency provides tolerances for pesticides.

Minimum temperature to initiate self-sustained combustion independently of an external heating source, such as spark or flame.

As the data only contains temperatures, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The amount of the chemical consumed by human adults, as determined by multiplying typical concentrations in drinking water, air, and food by average intake factors.  See also the Acceptable Daily Intake (ADI), Water Concentrations (WATC), Atmospheric Concentrations (ATMC), Milk Concentrations (MILK) and Food Survey Values (FOOD) fields.

As the key information in this field contains a broad range of different types of numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The time required for a living tissue, organ, or organism to eliminate one-half of the exogenous compound that has been introduced into it.

The tendency of the chemical to concentrate in an organism; usually expressed as the logarithm of the ratio of the concentration of the chemical in an organism.

The BIOD field contains information on the transformation of the chemical by microorganisms in various media (e.g. soil, surface water, sediment, sewage).  Includes Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) data.

Information on how much of an essential substance, such as a vitamin, is needed and on what happens when there is a deficiency or excess of the substance.

The BODY field contains numerical concentrations (for human data only) which accumulate and persist in organs and tissues.  Includes values for human milk.

Under standard or stated conditions, this is the temperature at which an enclosed liquid escapes from the surface and the transition to the gaseous phase occurs.  In a closed system the liquid and vapor are in equilibrium.  The temperatures are given in degrees Centigrade and are sometimes accompanied by a specific pressure value.

As the data only contains temperatures, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

This field contains summary carcinogenicity ratings and evaluations from IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer), ACGIH (American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) and IRIS (EPA's Integrated Risk Information System).

The search example given above uses an IARC code which is equivalent to "confirmed human carcinogen".

Threshold levels for those chemicals which, if released, must be reported under section 103(a) and (b) of the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA).

The CLAB field contains information regarding methods to detect the chemical, or its metabolite, or a reference enzyme activity in body fluids or tissues (e.g., blood or urine).  Also conditions of storage or shipment for a biological specimen and its half-life.

Note that the truncated search example above will retrieve those records containing words such as "fluorimetry", "fluorimetric" and "fluorimetrically".

Procedures for cleaning up the chemical after a spill or leak.  Includes methods for minor accidents such as in a chemical laboratory as well as procedures for large-scale emergencies.

The COFO field contains any identifying aspects in appearance of the substance, and the physical state (solid, liquid or gas) of the substance in question.  For example: colorless crystals, blue powder, pink emulsion, etc.

The property of etching or eating away of non-biological material by chemical action.

The CPAT field contains usage data expressed as percentages of the total production devoted to each use.

The CPP field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

    CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES CATEGORY (USE CODE ZCPP).

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter.  The Chemical and Physical Properties category (ZCPP) is associated with this message field.

The pressure of the liquid/vapor at which the "critical" point occurs where temperature and pressure bring the two phases of the substance into one phase.

As the data only contains temperatures and pressures, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The Clean Water Act (CWA), as amended in 1987, was designed to restore and maintain the chemical, physical and biological integrity of the nation's waters.  It includes provisions for national ambient water quality criteria (used by States in setting water quality standards) and for effluent limitations on priority pollutants, in addition to a variety of other clean water requirements, initiatives and programs.

The DCMP field contains information about the hazardous breakdown of the chemical with release of much heat and threat of fire/explosion.  Example: maleic anhydride can decompose explosively in the presence of strong acids or bases, particularly when hot.

Density is the ratio of weight to volume of a substance, usually expressed as grams/cc; specific gravity is the ratio of weight to weight of the same volume of a standard substance, usually water.  Water weighs 1 gram/cc.  Since weights vary with temperature, it is necessary to state both temperatures involved.

As the key information given contains numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

This field contains conditions and cautions for long-term (permanent) disposal of a chemical; also includes inactivation methods, incineration methods, chemical or biological treatment or air stripping.

The DOT (Department of Transportation) field contains information taken from the Emergency Response Guidebook published by DOT.  The guidebook was developed for use by firefighters, police and other emergency personnel.  The information is intended to provide guidance primarily during the initial stages of an emergency, such as a spill.

The numerical value of the equilibrium between undissociated and dissociated forms of a molecule.  A higher value indicates greater dissociation.  Sometimes the log (10) values are given instead or in addition.

As the information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

Concentrations of the chemical in effluent streams (e.g. stack emissions) including the source of the effluent.

The ENEX field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE/EXPOSURE POTENTIAL CATEGORY (USE CODE ZENE).

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter.  The Environmental Fate/Exposure Potential category (ZENE) is associated with this message field.

The ENVS field contains the narrative statement for this category, including important sources of release, environmental fate and exposure information.

Includes information on respirators (need for and type), eye protection, clothing/boots/gloves, etc.

This field contains free text excerpts containing ecotoxicity information for mammals, birds, aquatic species, plants and other terrestial species.  Field study and accidental poisoning information can also be found here.  Occasionally, toxic and lethal dosages are presented although the Ecotoxicity Values (ETXV) is the main source for this numerical data.

The ETXV field contains toxic and lethal dosages for wildlife studies, in the following order: data name (for aquatic organisms data are expressed as LC50, TLm, EC50, etc.); species; strain, if given; sex and age, if given; route of administration, if given; value or numerical dosage; and toxic effect, if stated.

The second search example finds all those LC50 values in HSDB which are less than or equal to 1 ppm (part per million).  The adj operator retrieves records with search terms next to each other in a specified order (the search phrase '1 ppm' would retrieve records containing both 1 ppm and ppm/1 hr - the latter hits are undesirable).  Note also the use of brackets.  If the brackets were not included in the search phrase the search engine would actually search for (1 adj ppm) or ((0.* adj (ppm in etxv)) near lc50) which is entirely different and would yield a different result set because, for example, the 1 adj ppm search is NOT confined to the etxv field but to the whole free text index.

The ratio of the evaporation rate of the substance to that of either butyl acetate or diethyl ether.

As the information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

This field contains information about the explosivity of a chemical as well as its upper and lower numerical explosive limits; conditions under which the compound is likely to explode.

The EXSR field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

    EXPOSURE STANDARDS AND REGULATIONS CATEGORY (USE CODE ZEXS).

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter.  The Exposure Standards and Regulations category (ZEXS) is associated with this message field.

The important transformation and transport processes which affect the fate of the chemical in soil, water, or atmosphere.  See also the Biodegradation (BIOD), Abiotic Degradation (ABIO), Soil Adsorption/Mobility (KOC) and Volatilization from Water/Soil (VWS) fields.

The FDA field contains key requirements under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetics Act, as amended.

The FIFR field contains the key requirements under the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act.

Types of extinguishers to be used, need for special protective clothing, recommendations or warnings on extinguishing methods, etc.  That an extinguishing medium is hazardous or ineffective would be noted, especially if its use would increase the fire hazard.

Minimum concentration (lower flammable limit or LFL) of vapor below which combustion will not occur even in the presence of an external ignition source and maximum vapor concentration (upper flammable limit or UFL) above which combustion cannot take place.

As the key information given contains numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

Minimum temperature at which the compound forms ignitable mixture with air or oxygen as measured by the open cup (OC) or closed cup (CC) method.

As the information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The FOOD field contains information regarding residue levels in food consumed by humans, including market basket surveys.

This field contains information about mixtures in which the compound is a major component.  Includes trade names for the formulation, percentage composition and so on.  Also likely additives.

This field contains information regarding the potential of the chemical as a fire hazard; conditions under which ignition will occur.  Example: diborane ignites spontaneously in moist air.

A 4 character alphanumeric number (1 alphabetic followed by 3 numerics, e.g. F003) provided under 40 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations), subparts C and D.  For each hazardous substance the code specifies compound name, waste source, and/or hazardous characteristic (ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity or toxicity).  There may be more than one such code assigned to a chemical.  Explanatory text appears after the code.

Using this field is an efficient way of narrowing down a search or obtaining records which are related to each other.

This field occurs in about 10% of the HSDB records.

The HAZS field contains narrative informative statements, summarizing salient points from this Safety and Handling category (ZSAF).  See also the Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH )and Threshold Limit Values (TLV) fields.

This field contains the history of prior accidents, spills or other emergencies.

The amount of heat released in the oxidation of 1 mole of vapor into liquid at constant temperature and pressure.

As the information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The quantity of heat required to convert a quantity of liquid at a definite temperature to vapor at the same temperature.  Usually expressed in calories per gram, but also in BTU/lb or joules/kg.

As the information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

Toxic and lethal dosages for human studies containing the data type name (e.g. LC50, Irritant Dose, etc.) sex and age (if given), route of administration, value or numerical dosage and toxic effect, if stated.

As the key information given contains numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The ID field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

    SUBSTANCE IDENTIFICATION CATEGORY (USE CODE ZID).

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter.  The Substance Identification category (ZID) is associated with this message field.

Unexpected reactions associated with the therapeutic administration of drugs.

The IDLH field contains either information about the maximum exposure level (concentration in ppm or mg/cu m) for 30 minutes without incapacitating symptoms or irreversible health effects or a statement from NIOSH (National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health) indicating that the substance be treated as a potential human carcinogen.

This field contains data about common impurities or contaminants associated with the chemical, such as kerosene and diesel oil in petroleum distillate.

The partitioning of a chemical between soil or sediment, usually expressed as K (the concentration of a chemical in soil (ug/g) to that in water (ug/ml)) or as Koc (which is K divided by the organic carbon content of the soil or sediment).

The MAM field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

    MONITORING AND ANALYSIS METHODS CATEGORY (USE CODE ZMAM).

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter.  The Monitoring and Analysis Methods category (ZMAM) is associated with this message field.

The MANF field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

    MANUFACTURING/USE INFORMATION CATEGORY (USE CODE ZMAN).

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter.  The Manufacturing/Use Information category (ZMAN) is associated with this message field.

Free text information on medical tests and procedures to be used in occupational health monitoring or as follow-up care in poisonings.

This field contains free text information on in vivo and in vitro metabolism; includes the metabolic reaction and breakdown products, as well as how the title compound is formed (i.e., synthesized) during the metabolism of another substance.

The elemental composition of a chemical substance in terms of the number and kinds of atoms contained in its structure.  The formula is ordered according to the Hill Convention, which is Carbon first, followed by Hydrogen and then in alphabetic sequence by the remaining atomic symbols for both organic and inorganic substances.  Each symbol may be searched separately, or you may hyphenate to search the full formula.  The designation UVCB or UNIDENTIFIED indicates that the molecular formula is of unknown or variable composition or that the substance is made up of complex reaction or biological products.

Apart from the problem of isomerism, this field is nevertheless useful for at least narrowing down or refining searches.

This field is present in over 95% of HSDB records.

The MFS field contains the names and addresses and - when available - telephone numbers of current US manufacturing plants or facilities.

Levels of the chemical found in human and animal milk - qualitative as well as quantitative data.

Free text information on the least amount of a substance that is lethal to humans with clarifying information such as route of exposure, sex or age of the individual.  Many records include a toxicity rating, the key values of which are given below:

    1 - practically nontoxic
    2 - slightly toxic
    3 - moderately toxic
    4 - very toxic
    5 - extremely toxic
    6 - super toxic

The MMFG field contains information on the most probable methods in the US to manufacture the chemical substance.  General information about the method is given, such as continuous versus batch processes, exothermic vs. endothermic reactions, patent information about methods of manufacturing, and alternate methods of synthesis and manufacture.

The melting point is the temperature at which the solid state of a pure substance changes to a liquid.  The freezing point is the temperature at which a liquid and solid exits in equilibrium.  Melting points are usually presented in degrees Centigrade.

As the data only contains temperatures, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in the molecule.

As the information given is floating point numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The MXDD field contains information concerning the maximum daily dose of drugs that can be tolerated by humans without manifestation of toxicity.

This field contains natural sources of the chemical including, for example, components of the earth's crust, volcanic combustion products, emission of terpene hydrocarbons by trees, etc.

The NFPA field contains numeric ratings from 0 (no special hazard) to 4 (extreme hazard), as assigned by the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) for hazards of health, flammability and reactivity.

Safe workplace practices and air concentrations as recommended by NIOSH (National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health) to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

This field provides an explanation of how the data have been distributed among various related chemical records.  For example, the NT field will describe how information has been distributed among a metal cluster, including the elemental metal record, the generic metal compounds record, and the individual compound-specific records.

Test results reported in this field are derived from studies supported by the National Toxicology Program to characterize and evaluate the carcinogenic potential of selected chemicals in laboratory animals.

Note the use of quotation marks around the word not in the second search example.  Otherwise, the word will be interpreted as the not operator.

Toxic and lethal dosages for animal and other non-human studies containing the data type name (e.g. LC50, Irritant Dose, etc.), species strain (if given), sex and age (if given), route of administration, value or numerical dosage and toxic effect, if stated.

The second search example finds LD50 values for mice between 1 and 99 mg/kg for the substance adminstered orally.  The adj operator ensures that the search engine finds the terms adjacent to each other and in the order specified.  The use of brackets ensures the search engine performs the correct search by executing the sub-searches within the innermost matching brackets first.

The OCPP field contains data on chemical and physical properties not present elsewhere in the HSDB database.  Examples are conduction, particle size, electrical charge, valence, state, Henry's Law constants and so forth; values for physical or chemical properties already cited in other fields are those at different physical conditions (e.g. vapor pressures, boiling points).  Also given are chemical and physical properties for isomers, salts, hydrates or other forms of the compound.

This field contains the property of a substance that affects the sense of smell.  It varies greatly in penetration, persistence, pleasantness, etc.  "Characteristic" is often used when comparison to a categorical olfactory response is not possible.  Examples are odorless, pungent, fruits, etc.

This field contains information pertaining to the ability to detect the chemical by smell and can serve as a warning signal, but individual thresholds vary considerably.  The collective threshold is the minimum odorous concentration sensed by 50% of a group of healthy individuals.  The units used are usually mg (or g)/l (cu m) or ppm (parts per million).

As the key information given is largely made up of numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The OEVC field contains environmental concentrations of the substance in environments not covered elsewhere in the Environmental Concentrations header (ZENC).  See also the Environmental Fate/Exposure Potential category (ZENE).

The search above will yield a set of records for which there is information concerning the presence of the substance in cigarette smoke.

This field contains information about the conditions not covered in other fields making up the Fire Fighting Information header (ZFIR) (see also the Safety and Handling category (ZSAF)) that would significantly increase the hazard of a fire, such as production of dense smoke.

The OHAZ field contains information about any remaining hazards not specifically identified in the Hazardous Reactions header (ZHAZ) (see also the Safety and Handling header (ZSAF)), such as the effects of pressure, impact, drying, production of dense smoke, etc.

This field currently appears rarely so no search example is given.

Details on process, small laboratory synthesis, preparations, general patent information and manufacturing trends.

The OOPL field contains information regarding recommended permissible levels in workplace air, excluding OSHA standards and NIOSH recommendations.  Maximum Allowable Concentrations (MACs) and Threshold Limit Values over a Time-Weighted average (TWA-TLV) from other countries are included here.  See also related data in the Theshold Limit Values field (TLV).

Includes information on preventive agents, washing and decontamination procedures, ventilation control, administrative and engineering controls, personnel warnings, etc.

Standards promulgated by OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration), which establishes permissible levels and safe work practices and processes for approximately 500 substances.  See also the NIOSH Recommendations (NREC) and Other Occupational Permissible Levels (OOPL) fields.

As the key information given is largely made up of numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The ratio in which a dissolved substance distributes itself between two immiscible solvents (usually n-octanol and water) at a constant temperature.  The Kow is unitless and is expressed as the log.  The Kow for Tetrahydrofuran, for example, is log Kow = 0.93.

As the key information given is largely made up of numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The PFAC field contains concentrations of the chemical found in various plants, fish & seafood and animals including geographical location of the measurement.

If there is data regarding plants, it will be preceded by a PLANT CONCENTRATIONS: heading.  Similarly, if there is data regarding fish & seafood it will be preceded by a FISH/SEAFOOD CONCENTRATIONS: heading.  Finally, if there is data regarding animals, it will be preceded by an ANIMAL CONCENTRATIONS: heading.  The last three search examples given above show how to find all plant or fish/seafood or animal chemical concentration data in the database.

The PH field contains the negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles/liter.  The pH ranges from 1 - 14 with pure water at pH 7.0.  Lower values than this indicate acidity whilst higher values indicate alkalinity.

As the key information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The PHCY field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

    PHARMACOLOGY CATEGORY (USE CODE ZPHC).

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter.  The Pharmacology category (ZPHC) is associated with this message field.

HSDB includes two fields for substance names.  This field contains a single, common, generally recognized name of the chemical.  The Synonyms (SY) field contains additional chemical, generic, trivial or trade name(s) of the substance.  Each of these fields can be searched individually but in general it is best to use the combination Name Fragments header (ZNF) to search both fields SIMULTANEOUSLY because the name you use may not be the HSDB name selected for the record.

If it is not possible to allocate a precise chemical name (i.e. if the substance is of unknown or variable composition, or consists of complex reaction products or biological materials (UVCB)), a short phrase appears instead; e.g. "CHLORINATED-PARAFFINS-".  This field is always present in HSDB records.

In many cases names have been hyphenated.  That is to say that all space characters in the name have been changed to hyphens and a terminal hyphen added.  Where this occurs and given the way SPIRS works, this means that the whole name appears in the index in hyphenated form together with each individual term making up the name.  The hyphenation and terminal hyphen acts as a device to indicate that the term does indeed come from the prime name or synonym field as opposed to other free text fields where the name will not, in general, be hyphenated in this way.  There is another important reason for adding a terminal hyphen - to aid focussed retrieval.  For example, the search benzene- in pn retrieves only the one record for the substance benzene, while benzene in pn retrieves all records containing the word 'benzene' in the PN field.  Similarly, diethyl-ether- in pn retrieves only the single record for diethyl ether, while diethyl ether in pn retrieves any record with those two words adjacent to each other in the PN field.  Whilst this device does not always work, it will always reduce the number of irrelevant records retrieved, in some cases dramatically.

As a general rule, hyphenation is not attempted in names which contain 'natural breaks' (such as parentheses, curly braces, brackets, slash characters etc.) or characters other than alphanumerics, commas, hyphens or spaces or names which are over 90 characters long.

Each word that appears in the PN field is searchable separately.  All parts of common and chemical names, including parent, substituents, modifiers, and locants are individually or collectively searchable, as in the above examples.

Do NOT include commas, colons, apostrophes, + characters, etc. in your search statement.  Also, parentheses, curly and square brackets should be replaced by spaces in searches.  Greek characters should first be translated to their equivalent English words before searching.  This translation of Greek characters to words takes place throughout the database, not only in this field.  See the section on Character Set and Indexing for more information.

It is strongly recommended that you employ the technique of lateral searching (see the general Help Index for more information) when searching for long, complex names or parts of names from the records display area or free text index.  Apart from saving you keystrokes, the retrieval software will ensure that the phrase is correctly presented to the search engine.  For more information on searching from the index, see the index searching section.

The POLY field contains information regarding the self-reaction of some chemicals to form chains of repeating units with release of much heat and threat of fire/explosion.  For example, epichlorohydrin can polymerize in the presence of strong acids or bases, particularly when hot.

The POPL field contains information about groups at higher risk of injury from exposure than the normal population due to a pre-disposing factor such as pregnancy, chronic disorders, age factors, diet/lifestyle, etc.

This field contains the most current U.S. production/imports/exports figures available.

If there is data regarding production, it will be preceded by a U.S. PRODUCTION: heading.  Similarly, if there is data regarding imports it will be preceded by a U.S. IMPORTS: heading.  Finally, if there is data regarding exports for the chemical, it will be preceded by a U.S. IMPORTS: heading.

As the key information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The radioactive properties for a substance, the energy of decay and the half-life associated with a radioactive chemical.

Key requirements of the RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) appear in this field.

This last review date indicates the most recent date on which the record as a whole was peer reviewed by the SRP (Scientific Review Panel).  Thus it gives some indication as to the overall currency of the data.

Typically text such as 'Reviewed by SRP on 1/31/98' will appear in m(m)/d(d)/yy format.  Sometimes only a single digit may appear for the day or month.  This field appears in over 50% of HSDB records; records containing a small amount of data don't tend to have this field present.

Hazardous interactions with other chemicals or contaminants with which the substance might come into contact.

Includes information on preventive agents, washing and decontamination procedures, ventilation control, administrative and engineering controls, personnel warnings, etc.

The REFS field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

ADDITIONAL REFERENCES CATEGORY (USE CODE ZREF).

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter.  The Additional References Category (ZREF) is associated with this message field.

The RELT field contains information on other HSDB records which are chemically similar to the substance in question and which may contain additional information of interest to the user. It includes the HSDB accession number (AN) and corresponding name (in unhyphenated form - see the Prime Name (PN) field for further information) for each related substance.  To display the record for the related substance click on its accession number in the AN field.  SPIRS will then open an additional window and the related record will be displayed.  In WebSPIRS - and where multiple linked records exist - use the right mouse button to open multiple windows.

In many cases the reason for the relatedness will also be indicated.  The keywords used to describe the relatedness are described below:

The RN field contains a unique number of up to nine digits assigned by Chemical Abstracts Service to identify a single chemical substance.  Consequently, if this number is known, this is an efficient and unambiguous way of searching for a chemical; likewise with the HSDB Accession Number (AN) field.  The last single digit after the second hyphen is a check-digit generated from the other remaining digits in the value.

The number is always expressed in a hyphenated format with any leading zeroes omitted.  When searching in the RN field, include the hyphens; truncation and wildcards can be used as well (see the first search above) as sometimes similar CAS numbers refer to similar chemicals.

A few records contain the word UNIDENTIFIED, typically when the molecular formula (MF) cannot be (precisely) determined.  This field is present in 99% of all HSDB records.

Some other fields in HSDB, such as the Associated Chemicals (ASCH), contain CAS Registry Numbers for related substances.

This field includes government documents such as ITC profiles, EPA CHIP, other special reports such as documents from the National Academy of Sciences and definitive review articles.

The search example given will find all the references to (special) World Health Organization literature in HSDB.

This field occurs in every record and contains an integer which is the approximate record size in thousands of bytes.  This is useful for estimating how many pages a full record will print on once the relationship has been determined by a user and the output device page size using the desired font/point size etc.  Although it is the last field in a record, it is included in the Citation (CITN) list of fields so that the approximate size of the record can be seen without having all fields displayed.

The second search example given above will list those records whose approximate size is over two hundred thousand bytes.

The RTEX field contains routes for humans to be exposed to the chemical, e.g., ingestion of contaminated drinking water, inhalation of polluted air, etc.  It includes typical and maximum exposures from occupational or environmental sources as well as numbers of human exposures, if known.

The SAFE field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

    SAFETY AND HANDLING CATEGORY (USE CODE ZSAF).

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter.  The Safety and Handling category (ZSAF) is associated with this message field.

This field contains information regarding sampling procedures or collection methods for environmental media or biota designed for further laboratory testing of chemical concentrations.

The phrase used in the search describes a particular piece of apparatus for concentrating certain chemicals after extraction.

The SEDS field contains information about concentrations of the chemical in sediment and soil and includes the geographical location of the measurement.

Irritant action, e.g., burning, stinging, eye watering, sneezing, coughing, that can be a warning for dangerous concentrations of the chemical vapor.

The SHIP field contains information concerning shipment and handling regulations including agencies that regulate the shipment of a chemical, the necessary labeling, the proper containers, temperature, etc. for shipment.

Sources of information include:

U.S. Code of Federal Regulations
International Air Transport Association (IATA) Dangerous Goods Regulations
International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code.

The UN (United Nations) Number is a four-figure code used to identify hazardous chemicals and is used for identification of chemicals transported internationally by road, rail, sea and air.  In the UK this number is also called the "Substance Identification Number" or "SI Number".  The DOT (U.S. Department of Transportation) number, identical to the UN number, identifies the proper shipping name of hazardous wastes under 49 CFR 170.

The NA number is for chemicals NOT recognized for international shipment except to and from Canada.

The IMO numerical designation is from the International Maritime Dangerous Goods Code of the International Maritime Organization in London.

Using any of these numbers is an efficient way of locating either a particular record for a substance or for obtaining a group of related records.  This field occurs in about 25% of the HSDB records.

When the bibliographic source for a particular data statement in an HSDB field is available, the complete reference to that source appears in the SO field at the end of the record.  There may be several references per data statement.  A number in square brackets following the data itself refers to the reference in the SO field.  For example, [R2] after a data statement means that the source of the data is cited in the second reference in the SO field.  If a particular source is cited more than once within the record, the page number may appear in the data field, e.g. [R3, p. 46].  Each reference starts on a new line.  Occasionally, the full source reference information will appear within or at the end of a data statement.

Sources for data in the Substance Identification (ZID) category, however, are not included in the Croner HSDB record.

The SO field is displayed in records but is not searchable.

The extent to which one chemical substance will dissolve in another, expressed as percent weight or volume or as parts per 100 parts of solvent by weight or volume.  If temperature is not stated, it is assumed to be standard.

As the key information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The SPEC field contains those chemical properties which involve the selective absorption of light at a given wavelength by the chemical substance.  Various spectrophotometric instruments can be utilized to analyze absorption spectra in infrared (IR), ultraviolet (UV), or visible light.  Includes extinction coefficients.

As the key information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

Physical conditions like light, heat, pressure or spontaneous chemical reactions - such as oxidation - that affect the stability of the chemical.

The SSTD field contains information on key standards promulgated under any federal statute regarding permissible levels in soil.

As this field currently appears quite rarely, no search example is given.

The Standard Transportation Commodity Code is a seven digit code and presented as two digits, a space, three digits, a space and finally two digits.  The first two digits are usually 49.  The spaces between the components permit the individual parts of the code to be retrieved independently.

This is an efficient and unambiguous way of locating a particular substance if the field is present in the record (15% of the records in HSDB include this field).

The STRG field contains information about conditions and precautions for storage, including types of containers, temperature, ventilation, etc.

The property existing in the surface film of liquids which tends to contract the volume into a form with the least surface area.  This is usually expressed in dynes/cm at a specific temperature.

As the key information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

For all the chemicals in HSDB, several chemical names and numerous trade, generic and trivial names may be applied to describe the chemical in question.  In this field, many of these names are identified to aid users on the range of names which have been used to describe each substance.  EPA pesticide chemical code numbers appear where known as do foreign language versions of the synonyms, where available.

Hyphenation has been applied to synonyms in exactly the same way as for Prime Names (PN).  In general, however, it is best to use the combination Name Fragments header (ZNF) to search both fields SIMULTANEOUSLY because the name you use may not be in the list of HSDB synonyms present for the record.

Each word that appears in this field is searchable separately.  All parts of common and chemical names, including parent, substituents, modifiers, and locants are individually or collectively searchable, as in the above examples.

Do NOT include commas, colons, apostrophes, + characters, etc. in your search statement.  Also, parentheses, curly and square brackets should be replaced by spaces in searches.  Greek characters should first be translated to their equivalent English words before searching.  This translation of Greek characters to words takes place throughout the database, not only in this field.  See the section on Character Set and Indexing for more information.

It is strongly recommended that you employ the technique of lateral searching (see the general Help Index for more information) when searching for long, complex names or parts of names from the records display area or free text index.  Apart from saving you keystrokes, the retrieval software will ensure that the phrase is correctly presented to the search engine.  For more information on searching from the index, see the index searching section.

This field contains data regarding the flavors of the substance, when tasted (brought into contact with the tongue).  The basic tastes are: bitter, sweet, salty, sour, burning, dry and fruity.

The TEST field contains information regarding toxicity tests in progress as conducted under the auspices of the National Toxicology Program (NTP).

The THER field contains information relating to therapeutic uses of drugs in human and veterinary medicine with general dosage information and indications.

This field contains time-weighted average (TLV-TWA) concentration for a normal work day or work week, considered safe for daily exposure.  The Short Term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL) is the maximum concentration for exposures up to 15 min.  The Ceiling limit (TLV-C) should never be exceeded.  Also included are Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs).  These data represent warning levels of biological response to the chemicals or warning levels of the chemical or its metabolic product(s) in tissues, fluids or exhaled air of exposed workers, regardless of whether the chemical was inhaled, ingested or absorbed via skin.  Developed by the American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).

As the key information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

See also related data in the Other Occupational Permissible Levels field (OOPL).

Information about whether humans develop tolerance or whether other organisms acquire resistance to the drug.

The TOXB field is displayed in records but is not searchable and contains the following text:

TOXICITY/BIOMEDICAL EFFECTS CATEGORY (USE CODE ZTOB)

Its purpose is to act as a record section delimiter.  The Toxicity/Biomedical Effects category (ZTOB) is associated with this message field.

The toxic or irritating gases and fumes released during combustion or by chemicals that vaporize in fire.

The TOXS field contains the narrative statement for Toxicity/Biomedical effects category (ZTOB).

This field contains the key requirements under the Toxic Substances Control Act.

The search example given above will find all substances for which it is an EPA requirement for manufacturers and processors to conduct testing for neurotoxicity under the Multi-Substances Rule.

This field contains the year and month of the last revision or modification to the record in the format YYYYMM.  In the case of new records, it will initially hold the date of introduction into the database.

UD is a limit field and to search it you must use the field code as shown above in the example searches.  It is also range searchable and so you can use the operators greater than (>), less than (<), greater than or equals (>=) and less than or equals (<=).  You can also specify a range as in the last example.

Combine a UD search with other retrieval terms to find records that were updated since the last time you searched.

The major uses of the chemical in the US.  Includes major uses and special uses with a high potential for human exposure.

The pressure exerted when a solid or liquid is in equilibrium with its own vapor.  This is a function of the substance and temperature.

As the key information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The weight of a unit volume of vapor compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure.  Usually calculated with reference to a value for air = 1.

As the key information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The resistance of a solid (powder), liquid or gas to uniformly continuous flow.  The data normally includes the units (usually CP (Centipoise)) and temperature of measurement.  Example: water has a viscosity of 1 CP at 20 deg C.

As the key information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

This field contains information concerning the transport of a chemical into the atmosphere from water or soil by evaporation.

As the key information given is numeric data, it is not particularly useful to search in and so no search example is given.

The WARN field contains information regarding warnings associated with the therapeutic administration of the substance as a drug.

Concentrations of the chemical in water (specifically drinking water, groundwater, surface water, sea water, rain water, snow and ice) including the geographical location of measurement.

Federal Drinking Water Standards are the enforceable primary regulatory maximum contaminant levels (MCLs).  States by law must adopt regulations that are equivalent to or more strict than the federal standard.

Federal Drinking Water Guidelines are recommended levels such as lifetime health advisories, secondary maximum contaminant levels (SMCLs) or other guidance.

State Drinking Water Standards are enforceable maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) established by state statute or regulation.  However, the data here only cites statute MCLs that are different from or in addition to federal MCLs.

State Drinking Water Guidelines are levels which are not specified by law or regulation, but rather through policy, procedure or guidance and may or may not be enforceable.

If there is data regarding Federal Drinking Water Standards, it will be preceded by a FEDERAL DRINKING WATER STANDARDS: heading.  Similarly, if there is data regarding Federal Drinking Water Guidelines it will be preceded by a FEDERAL DRINKING WATER GUIDELINES: heading.  Similar remarks apply State Drinking Water Standards and Guidelines.

There is a list of contacts who have provided information on both the drinking water standards and guidelines.

The first search example given above will retrieve those records which have data on MCLs of the substance in California (CA).  A full list of state code abbreviations can be found in the Glossary & Abbreviations section.  You can also use the full state name if you wish (second example).  The final search example will yield all those records in HSDB with federal water standards/guidelines information.

Please refer to the Human Toxicity Excerpts header (HTOX).

Please refer to the Human Toxicity Excerpts header (HTOX).

Please refer to the Human Toxicity Excerpts header (HTOX).

Please refer to the Human Toxicity Excerpts header (HTOX).

Please refer to the Interactions header (INTC).

Please refer to the Interactions header (INTC).

Please refer to the Interactions header (INTC).

Please refer to the Interactions header (INTC).

Please refer to the Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts header (NTOX).

Please refer to the Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts header (NTOX).

Please refer to the Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts header (NTOX).

Please refer to the Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts header (NTOX).

Please refer to the TSCA Test Submissions header (TCAT).

Please refer to the TSCA Test Submissions header (TCAT).

Please refer to the TSCA Test Submissions header (TCAT).

Please refer to the TSCA Test Submissions header (TCAT).

This is a special header (which contains data from one original source field) but which may be a combination of up to 4 fields which are:-

ZHTA    Human Toxicity Excerpts
ZHTB    Human Toxicity Excerpts (continued)
ZHTC    Human Toxicity Excerpts (continued)
ZHTD    Human Toxicity Excerpts (continued)

This information is presented in this way to cater for those records which contain large amounts of data.  Always use the HTOX field label when searching as it will automatically search across the ZHTA, ZHTB, ZHTC and ZHTD as and when they occur.

This header contains free text excerpts describing human toxicity, including information on the mutagenicity, carcinogenicity and teratogenicity of the compound.

This is a special header (which contains data from one original source field) but which may be a combination of up to 4 fields which are:-

ZINA     Interactions
ZINB     Interactions (continued)
ZINC     Interactions (continued)
ZIND     Interactions (continued)

This information is presented in this way to cater for those records which contain large amounts of data.  Always use the INTC field label when searching as it will automatically search across the ZINA, ZINB, ZINC and ZIND as and when they occur.

This header contains free text excerpts describing in vivo interactions of the title compound with exogenous agents (either other chemical substances or radiation) and resultant biological effects.  Such interactants may increase or decrease a toxic response.

This is a special header (which contains data from one original source field) but which may be a combination of up to 4 fields which are:-

ZNTA    Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts
ZNTB    Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (continued)
ZNTC    Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (continued)
ZNTD    Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (continued)

This information is presented in this way to cater for those records which contain large amounts of data.  Always use the NTOX field label when searching as it will automatically search across the ZNTA, ZNTB, ZNTC and ZNTD as and when they occur.

This header contains free text excerpts describing animal toxicity, for domestic and laboratory animals; also toxicity studies on plants, bacteria and viruses.  Mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, and teratogenicity are included, if known.

This is a special header (which contains data from one original source field) but which may be a combination of up to 4 fields which are:-

ZTSA    TSCA Test Submissions
ZTSB    TSCA Test Submissions (continued)
ZTSC    TSCA Test Submissions (continued)
ZTSD    TSCA Test Submissions (continued)

This information is presented in this way to cater for those records which contain large amounts of data.  Always use the TCAT field label when searching as it will automatically search across the ZTSA, ZTSB, ZTSC and ZTSD as and when they occur.

This header contains unpublished test results from industry reports submitted to EPA under TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act).  May involve health effects, environmental effects or environmental fate studies.  Because the test submissions are unpublished, TCAT data always carries an UNREVIEWED status tag (preceded by a question mark, ?).

The ZCPP category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Color/Form (COFO)
Odor (ODOR)
Taste (TAST)
Boiling Point (BP)
Melting Point (MP)
Molecular Weight (MW)
Corrosivity (CORR)
Critical Temperature and Pressure (CTP)
Density/Specific Gravity (DEN)
Dissociation Constants (DSC)
Heat of Combustion (HTC)
Heat of Vaporization (HTV)
Octanol/Water Partition Coefficient (OWPC)
pH (PH)
Solubilities (SOL)
Spectral Properties (SPEC)
Surface Tension (SURF)
Vapor Density (VAPD)
Vapor Pressure (VAP)
Relative Evaporation Rate (EVAP)
Viscosity (VISC)
Other Chemical/Physical Properties (OCPP)

The ZENC header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Water Concentrations (WATC)
Effluents Concentrations (EFFL)
Sediment/Soil Concentrations (SEDS)
Atmospheric Concentrations (ATMC)
Food Survey Values (FOOD)
Plant/Fish & Seafood/Animal Concentrations (PFAC)
Milk Concentrations (MILK)
Other Environmental Concentrations (OEVC)

The ZENE category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Environmental Fate/Exposure Summary (ENVS)
Naturally Occurring Sources (NATS)
Artificial Sources (ARTS)
Environmental Fate (FATE)
Biodegradation (BIOD)
Abiotic Degradation (ABIO)
Bioconcentration (BIOC)
Soil Adsorption/Mobility (KOC)
Volatilization From Water/Soil (VWS)
Water Concentrations (WATC)
Effluents Concentrations (EFFL)
Sediment/Soil Concentrations (SEDS)
Atmospheric Concentrations (ATMC)
Food Survey Values (FOOD)
Plant/Fish & Seafood/Animal Concentrations (PFAC)
Milk Concentrations (MILK)
Other Environmental Concentrations (OEVC)
Probable Routes of Human Exposure (RTEX)
Average Daily Intake (AVDI)
Body Burdens (BODY)

The ZENT header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Bioconcentration (BIOC)
Soil Adsorption/Mobility (KOC)
Volatilization From Water/Soil (VWS)

The ZENV header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Biodegradation (BIOD)
Abiotic Degradation (ABIO)

The ZEXS category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health (IDLH)
Acceptable Daily Intakes (ADI)
Allowable Tolerances (ATOL)
OSHA Standards (OSHA)
NIOSH Recommendations (NREC)
Threshold Limit Values (TLV)
Other Occupational Permissible Levels (OOPL)
Atmospheric Standards (ASTD)
Soil Standards (SSTD)
Federal/State Drinking Water Standards/Guidelines (WSTD)
Clean Water Act Requirements (CWA)
CERCLA Reportable Quantities (CERC)
TSCA Requirements (TSCA)
RCRA Requirements (RCRA)
FIFRA Requirements (FIFR)
FDA Requirements (FDA)

The ZFIR header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Fire Fighting Procedures (FIRP)
Toxic Combustion Products (TOXC)
Other Fire Fighting Hazards (OFHZ)

The ZFLA header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Fire Potential (FPOT)
NFPA Hazard Classification (NFPA)
Flammable Limits (FLMT)
Flash Point (FLPT)
Autoignition Temperature (AUTO)

The ZHAZ header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Reactivities and Incompatibilities (REAC)
Decomposition (DCMP)
Polymerization (POLY)
Other Hazardous Reactions (OHAZ)

The ZHUE header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Probable Routes of Human Exposure (RTEX)
Average Daily Intake (AVDI)
Body Burdens (BODY)

The ZID category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Prime Name of Substance (PN)
Synonyms (SY)
CAS Registry Number (RN)
Related HSDB Records (RELT)
Molecular Formula (MF)
Shipping Name/Number - DOT/UN/NA/IMO (SHPN)
STCC Number (STCC)
EPA Hazardous Waste Number (HAZN)
Associated Chemicals (ASCH)

The ZMAM category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Sampling Procedures (SAMP)
Analytic Laboratory Methods (ALAB)
Clinical Laboratory Methods (CLAB)

The ZMAN category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Methods of Manufacturing (MMFG)
Impurities (IMP)
Formulations/Preparations (FORM)
Manufacturers (MFS)
Other Manufacturing Information (OMIN)
Major Uses (USE)
Consumption Patterns (CPAT)
U.S. Production/Imports/Exports (PRIE)

The ZNF header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:  You should use

Prime Name of Substance (PN)
Synonyms (SY)

You should use this field to search for names unless you are suare the name you are using is in either the PN or SY fields.

The ZNF header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:  You should use

Prime Name of Substance  (PN)
Synonyms  (SY)

You should use this field to search for names unless you are suare the name you are using is in either the PN or SY fields.

The ZOPL header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

OSHA Standards (OSHA)
NIOSH Recommendations (NREC)
Threshold Limit Values (TLV)
Other Occupational Permissible Levels (OOPL)

The ZORE header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Atmospheric Standards (ASTD)
Soil Standards (SSTD)

The ZPHC category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Minimum/Potential Fatal Human Dose (MINF)
Bionecessity (BION)
Therapeutic Uses (THER)
Drug Warning (WARN)
Drug Idiosyncracies (IDIO)
Drug Tolerance (TOLR)
Maximum Drug Dose (MXDD)

The ZPHM header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (ADE)
Metabolism/Metabolites (METB)
Biological Half-Life (BHL)
Mechanism of Action (ACTN)
Interactions (INTC)

The ZPOL header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Naturally Occurring Sources (NATS)
Artificial Sources (ARTS)

The ZPRV header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Protective Equipment and Clothing (EQUP)
Other Preventive Measures (OPRM)

The ZREF category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Special Reports (RPTS)
Test Status (TEST)
Prior History of Accidents (HIST)
Sources of Data (SO)

The ZSAF category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Hazards Summary (HAZS)
DOT Emergency Guidelines (DOT)
Fire Potential (FPOT)
NFPA Hazard Classification (NFPA)
Flammable Limits (FLMT)
Flash Point (FLPT)
Autoignition Temperature (AUTO)
Fire Fighting Procedures (FIRP)
Toxic Combustion Products (TOXC)
Other Fire Fighting Hazards (OFHZ)
Explosive Limits and Potential (EXPL)
Reactivities and Incompatibilities (REAC)
Decomposition (DCMP)
Polymerization (POLY)
Other Hazardous Reactions (OHAZ)
Odor Threshold (ODRT)
Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations (SERI)
Protective Equipment and Clothing (EQUP)
Other Preventive Measures (OPRM)
Stability/Shelf Life (SSL)
Shipment Methods and Regulations (SHIP)
Storage Conditions (STRG)
Cleanup Methods (CLUP)
Disposal Methods (DISP)
Radiation Limits and Potential (RADL)

The ZTOB category combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Toxicity Summary (TOXS)
Evidence of Carcinogenicity (CARC)
Antidote and Emergency Treatment (ANTR)
Medical Surveillance (MEDS)
Human Toxicity Excerpts (HTOX)
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (NTOX)
Ecotoxicity Excerpts (ETOX)
Human Toxicity Values (HTXV)
Non-Human Toxicity Values (NTXV)
Ecotoxicity Values (ETXV)
National Toxicology Program Reports (NTP)
TSCA Test Submissions (TCAT)
Populations At Special Risk (POPL)
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion (ADE)
Metabolism/Metabolites (METB)
Biological Half-Life (BHL)
Mechanism of Action (ACTN)
Interactions (INTC)

The ZTOE header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Human Toxicity Excerpts (HTOX)
Non-Human Toxicity Excerpts (NTOX)
Ecotoxicity Excerpts (ETOX)

The ZTOV header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Human Toxicity Values (HTXV)
Non-Human Toxicity Values (NTXV)

The ZWAT header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Federal/State Drinking Water Standards/Guidelines (WSTD)
Clean Water Act Requirements (CWA)

The ZWRN header combines the following fields so that you can search, show, download or print them simultaneously:

Odor Threshold (ODRT)
Skin, Eye, and Respiratory Irritations (SERI)

The Citation is a special subset of fields consisting of the following:

HSDB Accession Number (AN)
Record Status (REC)
Update Code (UD)
Prime Name of Substance (PN)
Synonyms (SY)
CAS Registry Number (RN)
Molecular Formula (MF)
Molecular Weight (MW)
Approximate Record Size ('000's Bytes) (RS)

The Citation serves as an easy way to display, print or download only these fields for a set of records and is included for unique record identification purposes.  For information about downloading or printing data, please refer to the general Help Index.

% 

percent

&

and

(g)        

gas

(l)        

liquid

+ 

plus

- 

minus

< 

less than

= 

equals

>   

greater than

@ 

at

5-HT       

5-hydroxytryptamine

A

Angstrom

AADI

adjusted acceptable daily intake

abs

abs(olute)

accum

accumulate(s, d, ion)

ACGIH

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

AChE

acetylcholinesterase

ad lib     

ad libitum

addn(l)    

addition(al)

ADI

acceptable daily intake

ADP

adenosine 5'-diphosphate administered

AFNOR 

Association Francaise de Normalization

ai

active ingredient

AIDS 

Acquired Immune-Deficiency Syndrome

AIHA  

American Industrial Hygiene Association

AK 

Alaska

AL 

Alabama

alc

alcohol, alcoholic

am

before noon

AMA 

American Medical Association

AMP

adenosine 5'-monophosphate

amp

ampere

amt

amount

anal 

analysis(es)

anhyd

anhydrous

AOAC

Association of Official Analytical Chemists

approx

approximate(ly)

aq

aqueous

AR 

Arkansas

ASHP

Association of Hospital Pharmacists

assoc

associate(s, d, ion)

AST

aspartate aminotransferase

ASTM 

American Society for Testing Materials

atm 

atmosphere(s)

ATP

adenosine 5'-triphosphate

ATSDR

Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry

avail

available, availability

avg

average

AZ

Arizona

BAN 

British Approved Name

BCF

bioconcentration factor

BEI 

biological exposure index

biochem

biochemical(s)

biol 

biology, biological

BMR  

basal metabolic rate

BOD

biological oxygen demand

BOD5

biological oxygen demand (5-day test)

bp  

boiling point

Bq 

Becquerel

BrdU

bromodeoxyuridine

BSI 

British Standards Institute

BTU

British Thermal Unit(s)

BUN

blood urea nitrogen

bw

body weight

C

Centigrade

C.I./CI    

Color Index

CA

California

ca

circa, about

CAG

Carcinogen Assessment Group

cal 

calorie(s)

CAS

Chemical Abstracts Service

CAS RN     

Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number

CBC 

complete blood count

CC 

cubic centimeter(s); closed cup

CDC 

Centers for Disease Control

CEQ

Council on Environmental Quality

CERCLA

Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act

CFR

Code of Federal Regulations

CG

Coast Guard

ChE

cholinesterase

chem 

chemical(s)

CHIP

Chemical Hazard Information Profile

Ci  

Curie

CIIT

Chemical Industries Institute of Toxicology

cl

centiliter

cm

centimeter(s)

CMA

Chemical Manufacturers Association

cmpd

compound(s)

CNS

central nervous system

CO

Colorado

co

company

COC

Cleveland open cup

concn

concentration(s), concentrate(d)

corp 

corporation(s)

CP

Centipoise

CPK

creatine phosphokinase

CRAVE

Carcinogenic Risk Assessment Verification Endeavor

CT 

Connecticut

cu

cubic

cu m       

cubic meter

CVS

cardiovascular system

CWA 

Clean Water Act

DC

District of Columbia; direct current

DDE

2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene

DE

Delaware

decomp

decompose, decomposition

decr

decrease

deg

degree

den

density

dept

department

deriv

derivative(s)

detn

determination(s)

DHEW

US Department of Health, Education, and Welfare (now US Department of Health and Human Services)

DHHS

US Department of Health and Human Services

diam

diameter

dil 

dilute

dist

district(s)

div

division(s)

DMSO

dimethyl sulfoxide

DNA 

deoxyribonucleic acid

DNASE

deoxyribonuclease

DO 

dissolved oxygen

dom 

domestic

DOT 

Department of Transportation

doz

dozen

dr

dram(s)

EC

effective concentration; European Community

EC50

effective concentration - 50%

ECD

electron capture detection/detector

ECG

electrocardiogram (graph)

ed

edition

Ed

editor

ED

effective dose

EDTA

(ethylenedinitrilo)tetraacetic acid

EEC

European Economic Community, now known as the European Community (EC)

EEG

electroencephalogram (graph)

e.g.       

for example

eg

for example

EKG

electrocardiogram (graph)

elim

elimination(s)

ELISA

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay

emf

electromotive force

EMG

electromyogram (graph)

EMLD

estimated/empirical mean lethal dose

ENU

N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea

environ

environment(al)

EP 

extraction procedure

EPA

Environmental Protection Agency

EPR

electron paramagnetic resonance

equil

equilibrium

equiv

equivalent(s)

esp

especially

ESR

electron spin resonance

est

estimate

esu 

electrostatic unit

et al      

and others (authors)

evap

evaporate, evaporation

exam

examine, examination

expt

experiment

exptl

experimental, experimentally

F

Fahrenheit

F1

first filial generation (in experimental animals)

FA 

Florida

FAO

Food and Agriculture Organisation

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

FIFRA

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act

FMN

flavin mononucleotide

fp

freezing point

FR 

Federal Register

ft 

foot, feet

g 

gram(s)

G-6-PD     

glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase

GA 

Georgia

gal

gallon(s)

GC

gas chromatography

GC-MS      

gas chromatography-mass spectrometry

GI 

gastrointestinal

GLC

gas-liquid chromatography

GPT 

glutamic-pyruvic transaminase

gr 

grain(s)

GSH

reduced glutathione

ha

hectare

haz

hazardous

HB/HGB     

haemoglobin

HCT

hematocrit

HGPRT

hypoxanthine-guanine phosphorisobutyltransferase

HI  

Hawaii

HPLC 

high performance liquid chromatography

Hq 

headquarters

hr

hour(s)

ht         

height

Hz 

Hertz

IA

Iowa

IARC

International Agency for Research on Cancer

IATA 

International Air Transport Association

IC50

inhibitory concentration - 50%

ICR

Institute of Cancer Research

ICRP

International Commission for Radiological Protection

ID

Idaho

id

intradermal

idlh

immediately dangerous to life or health

i.e.       

that is

ie 

that is

IL  

Illinois

ILO

International Labor Organization

IMO

International Maritime Organization

im  

intramuscular

in 

inch(es)

IN

Indiana

Inc

incorporated

incl 

include

incr 

increase

indust 

industries, industrial

inorg

inorganic

insol

insoluble

int

intermediate

intermed

intermediate

ip 

intraperitoneal

IR  

infrared

IRIS

Integrated Risk Information System

IRPTC

International Register of Potentially Toxic Chemicals

irradn

irradiation

ISO 

International Standards Organisation

ITC

Interagency Testing Committee

IU 

International Unit

IUPAC

International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry

iv  

intravenous

J 

Joule

K

Kelvin

Ka

dissociation constant

KA 

Kansas

kcal

kilocalorie(s)

kg

kilogram(s)

km

kilometer(s)

Koc

soil sorption coefficient

Kow 

dissociation constant, octanol:water

KY 

Kentucky

l

liter(s)

LA 

Louisiana

lab

laboratory

lb 

pound(s)

LC 

liquid chromatography

LC50

lethal concentration - 50%

LCLO

lethal concentration, low

LD

lethal dose

LD50

lethal dose - 50%

LDH

lactic acid dehydrogenase

LDLO

lethal dose, low

LEL

lower explosive limits

LFL

lower flammable limit

liq

liquid

LOAEL

lowest observed adverse effect level

Ltd

limited

m

meter(s)

M

molar (moles/liter)

m-         

meta

MA

Massachusetts

MAC

maximum admissible concentration

max

maximum

MCA 

Manufacturing Chemists Association

mCi

millicurie

MCL

maximum contaminant level

MD

Maryland

ME

Maine

mech

mechanical(ly)

mel

maximum exposure limit

MESA

Mining Enforcement and Safety Administration (replaced by MSHA in 1978)

metab

metabolism

mg

milligram(s)

MI

Michigan

min

minute(s)

misc

miscellaneous

MITI

Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Japan

mixt

mixture(s)

ml

milliliter(s)

MLD

minimum lethal dose

mm

millimeter(s)

mM

millimolar

MMAD 

mass median aerodynamic diameter

mmHg

millimeters mercury

mmol

millimole(s)

MN

Minnesota; meganewtons

MO

Missouri

mo

month(s)

mol

molecul(e, es, ar); mole

mon

month(s)

mp 

melting point

mpe

maximum permissible exposure

MPPCF

million particles per cubic foot

mRNA

messenger RNA

MS

Mississippi; mass spectrophotometry

MSHA

Mine Safety and Health Administration

MT

Montana

MTD

maximum tolerated dose

mu

millimicron(s)

n

nano; normal (as applied to concentration)

N

Newton; normal (as applied to concentration)

NADH

nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (reduced form)

NADPH

nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide (oxidised form)

NAS

National Academy of Sciences

NC

North Carolina

NCI

National Cancer Institute

nd 

no data

ND

North Dakota

NE

Nebraska

neg

negative

NEI

National Eye Institute

NESHAP

National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

NFPA

National Fire Protection Association

ng

nanogram(s)

NH

New Hampshire

NHLBI

National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute

NIDA

National Institute of Drug Abuse

NIEHS

National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences

NIH

National Institutes of Health

NIOSH

National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health

NJ 

New Jersey

NLM

National Library of Medicine

nm

nanometer(s)

NM

New Mexico

nmol

nanomole

NMR

nuclear magnetic resonance

NOAEL

no observed adverse effect level

NOEC

no observed effect concentration

NOEL

no observed effect level

NOES

National Occupational Exposure Survey

NOHS

National Occupational Hazard Survey

NOS

not otherwise specified

NRC

National Response Center

NTA

nitrilotriacetic acid

NTIS 

National Technical Information Service

NTP

National Toxicology Program

NV

Nevada

NY

New York

o-         

ortho

OC/oc      

open cup

OECD

Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development

OH 

Ohio

OHEA

Office of Health and Environmental Assessment, US EPA

OK

Oklahoma

OPP

Office of Pesticide Programs, US EPA

OPTS

Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, US EPA

OR

Oregon

ORD

Office of Research and Development, US EPA

org

organic

ORM

Other Regulated Materials(s) (DOT)

OSHA

US Occupational Safety and Health Administration

OSWER

Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response, US EPA

OTS

Office of Toxic Substances, US EPA.

OWRS

Office of Water Regulations and Standards, US EPA.

oxidn

oxidation

oz

ounce(s)

P 

Poise

p-         

para

PA

Pennsylvania

PAH 

polycyclic or polyaromatic or polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon(s)

PBPK

physiologically based pharmacokinetic

PCB(s)     

polychlorinated biphenyl(s)

pCi

picoCurie

PE

polyethylene

PEG

polyethylene glycol

PEL

permissible exposure limit

pH

hydrogen ion concentration (negative log)

phys

physical

pKa

acid dissociation constant (negative log)

pKb

base dissociation constant (negative log)

pm 

afternoon

PNS

peripheral nervous system

po

per os (by mouth)

pOH

hydroxyl ion concentration (negative log)

pos

positive

ppb

parts per billion

pph

parts per hundred

ppm 

parts per million

ppt

precipitate; parts per thousand

pptn

precipitation

PR

Puerto Rico

prepd

prepared

prepn

preparation

psi

pound force per square inch

pt 

patient

PTFE

polytetrafluoroethylene

qid 

four times a day

QSAR

Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships

qt 

quart(s)

qual

qualitative(ly)

quant 

quantitative(ly)

R

Roentgen(s)

RAD

radiation absorbed dose

RBC

red blood cells

RCRA

Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (US)

RD50

50% decrease in respiratory rate

redn

reduction

ref

reference

REL

recommended exposure limit

resp

respiration, respiratory

RfD

(Oral) Reference Dose

RI

Rhode Island

RN

Registry Number (CAS)

RNA

ribonucleic acid

RPAR

rebuttable presumption against registration

rpm 

revolutions per minute

RQ

reportable quantity

rRNA

ribosomal RNA

RTECS

Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances

SAB

Science Advisory Board

SC

South Carolina; subcutaneous

sce

sister chromatid exchange

SD

South Dakota

sec

second(s)

sepn

separation

SGOT

serum glutamic-oxaloacetic transaminase

SGPT

serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase

sigma g    

geometric standard deviation

SMR

standard mortality ratio

sol 

soluble

soln

solution

sp

species (in taxonomy)

sp gr      

specific gravity

sq 

square

SRC

Syracuse Research Corporation

SRP

Scientific Review Panel

ST

Saint

std

standard

STCC

Standard Transportation Commodity Code

STEL

short-term exposure limit

STP

standard temperature and pressure

TC 

toxic concentration

TCLo

toxic concentration, low

TD

toxic dose

TDLo

toxic dose, low

temp

temperature(s)

ThOD

theoretical oxygen demand

tid

three times a day

TLC 

thin layer chromatography

TLM

Threshold Limit, median (aquatic toxicity rating)

TLV

Threshold Limit Value

TLV-C      

Threshold Limit Value-ceiling

TLV-STEL   

Threshold Limit Value-short term exposure limit

TLV-TWA    

Threshold Limit Value-time weighted average

TN

Tennessee

TOC

Total Organic Carbon; threshold odor concentration

TPA

terephthalic acid; 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

tRNA

transfer RNA

TSCA

Toxic Substances Control Act (US)

TSH

thyrotropin

TWA

time weighted average

TX

Texas

u 

micro

uCi

microcurie(s)

UEL

upper explosive limits

UFL

upper flammable limit

ug

microgram(s)

UK

United Kingdom

uM 

micromolar

um

micron(s)

umol

micromole(s)

UN

United Nations

UNEP

United Nations Environment Programme

USA/US     

United States of America

USDA 

US Department of Agriculture

USEPA

US Environmental Protection Agency

USGS

US Geological Survey

USITC

US International Trade Commission

USP

US Pharmacopeia

UT

Utah

UV 

ultraviolet

VA

Virginia

vet 

veterinary

VI

Virgin Islands

voc

volatile organic compound(s)

vol

volume

vp

vapor pressure

VT

Vermont

w/v         

weight/volume

w/w         

weight/weight

WA

Washington

WBC

white blood count

WHO 

World Health Organization

WI

Wisconsin

wk

week

wt

weight

WV

West Virginia

WY

Wyoming

yr

year

ALABAMA
Joe Alan Power
Chief - Water Supply Branch
Dept. Environ. Mgmt. (ADEM)
1751 Dickinson Dr
Montgomery, AL 36130
(205) 271-7825

ALASKA
James Weise
Drinking Water Program Mgr
Dept. Environ. Conservation
555 Cordova St
Anchorage, AK 99501
(907) 269-7647

ARIZONA
Dale Ohnmeiss
Mgr., Program Develop Outreach Unit
Dept. Environ. Quality
3033 North Central Ave.
Phoenix, AZ 85012
(602) 207-4648

ARKANSAS
Harold R. Seifert
Director, Div. of Engineering
Dept. of Health (MS 37)
4815 W. Markham St
Little Rock, AR 72205-3867
(501) 661-2623

CALIFORNIA
Alexis Milea
Chief Stds Tech Unit
Dept. of Health Services
2151 Berkeley Way
Berkeley, CA 94704
(310) 540-2177

COLORADO
Jerry C. Biberstine
Drinking Water Specialist
Dept. of Health and Environment (WQCD-DW-B2)
4300 Cherry Creek Dr., So
Denver, CO 80246-1530
(303) 692-3546

CONNECTICUT
Donna J. Pelletier
Epidemiologist III
Div. of Environ. Epi. & Occup. Health
Dept. of Health Services
150 Washington St.
Hartford, CT 06106
(203) 566-8167

DELAWARE
Edward G. Hallock
Program Manager
Off. Drinking Water
Div. of Public Health
P.O. Box 637, Federal St.
Dover, DE 19903
(302) 739-5410

FLORIDA
Ed Bettinger, R.S.
Environ. Specialist III
Dept. Health
1317 Winewood Blvd.
Tallahassee, FL 32399-1713
(850) 488-4070

GEORGIA
Ed Uhrem
Drinking Water Prog. Mgr.
Environ. Protect. Div.
205 Butler St., SE, Rm 1362
Atlanta, GA 30334
(404) 651-5157

HAWAII
Bill Wong
Program Manager
Safe Drinking Water Branch
919 Ala Moana Blvd., Rm 308
Honolulu, HI 96814
(808) 586-4258

IDAHO
Howard Woods
Water Quality Analyst for Safe Drinking Water
Public Water Supply Unit
Div. Environ. Qual., Commun. Prog.
1410 N Hilton St.
Boise, ID 83706-1255
(208) 373-0275

ILLINOIS
Dianna Heaberlin
Manager, Compliance Assurance
Environmental Protection Agency
1021 N. Grand Ave. E
Springfield, IL 62702
(217) 782-1838

INDIANA
Al Lao
Chief, Compliance Section
Dept. Environ. Mgmt.
P.O. Box 7148
Indianapolis, IN 46207-7148
(317) 308-3283

IOWA
Dennis Alt
Environ. Program Supervisor
Dept. Natural Resources
900 E. Grand Ave.
Des Moines, IA 50319
(515) 281-8998

KANSAS
David Waldo
Environmental Engineer
Dept. Health & Environ. (KDHE)
Forbes Field, Bldg 283
Topeka, KS 66620
(785) 296-5503

KENTUCKY
Vicki Ray
Mgr., Drinking Water Branch
Dept. Environ. Protect., Div. Water
14 Reilly Rd.
Frankfort, KY 40601
(502) 564-3410

LOUISIANA
Douglas Vincent
Act. Chief Engineer
Dept. Health & Hospitals
6867 Bluebonnet Blvd.
Baton Rouge, LA 70810
(225) 765-5038

MAINE
David Breau
Chief Engineer, Office of Drinking Water
Dept. Health Services
10 State House Station
Augusta, ME 04333
(207) 287-2070

MARYLAND
Nancy Reilman
Division Chief
SDWA Implementation
Public Drinking Water Program
Dept. of the Environment
2500 Broening Hwy
Baltimore, MD 21224
(410) 631-3729

MASSACHUSETTS
Nicholas D. Anastas
Environmental Analyst IV
Office of Research & Standards
Dept. Environ. Protection
One Winter St.
Boston, MA 02108
(617) 556-1157