Table of Contents:
Scope | General Information | Database Fields | Advanced
Searching
Stopwords | Limits | Tools | Changing to this Database from Another Database
Sample Documents | Copyright Information | Updated
Read about the changes to this database in the Reload News!
ERIC (Education Resources Information Center), is an information system sponsored by the Institute of Education Sciences of the U.S. Department of Education that collects, creates, and distributes the U.S. national bibliographic database and full text materials whenever possible covering the literature of education. |
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| Producer | ||||||
Computer Sciences Corporation | ||||||
| Segments and Years of Coverage | ||||||
The following ERIC segments are available to online users. Contact your local administrator to add or remove segments.
The limit of databases that you can select for a multifile search session is based upon database segments rather than actual databases. The Ovid multifile segment limit is set at 120 to avoid impacting your search sessions. This database includes 3 segments. |
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| Online Update Frequency | ||||||
| Monthly | Go: Table of Contents or Back | |||||
| The following list is sorted alphabetically by field alias. Click a field name to see the description and search information. | |||
All Fields in this Database |
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| Abstract (AB) | Institution (IN) | Peer Reviewed (PR) | |
| Access Rights (AR) | ISBN (IB) | Publication Type (PT) | |
| Accession Number (AN) | ISSN (IS) | Publisher (PB) | |
| Audience Tyle (AT) | Issue/Part (IP) | Report Number (RP) | |
| Author (AU) | Journal Name (JN) | Source (SO) | |
| Date of Publication (DP) | Journal Word (JX) | Source Description (SD) | |
| Descriptor Superlabel (IW) | Language (LG) | Sponsoring Agency (SA) | |
| Educational Level (EL) | Level of Availability (LV) | Textword (TW) | |
| Entry Month (EM) | Notes (NT) |
Title (TI) | |
| ERIC Subject Headings (SH) | Number of References (NR) |
URL (UR) | |
| Grant Number (NO) | Page Count (PN) | Volume (VO) | |
| Heading Word (HW) | Pagination (PG) | Year of Publication (YR) | |
| Identifiers (ID) | Go: Table of Contents or Back | ||
Default Fields for Unqualified Searches: Searching for a term without specifying a field searches the following fields. |
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| Abstract (AB) | Identifiers (ID) | ||
| Heading Word (HW) | Title (TI) | Go: Table of Contents or Back | |
Default Fields for Display, Print, Email, and Save: The following fields are included by default for each record. |
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| Abstract (AB) | Identifiers (ID) | Peer Reviewed (PR) | |
| Accession Number (AN) | Institution (IN) | Publication Type (PT) | |
| Audience Type (AT) | ISBN (IB) | Publisher (PB) | |
| Author (AU) | ISSN (IS) | Report Number (RP) | |
| Date of Publication (DP) | Language (LG) | Source (SO) | |
| Educational Level (EL) | Level of Availability (LV) | Sponsoring Agency (SA) | |
| Entry Month (EM) | Notes (NT) | Title (TI) | |
| ERIC Subject Headings (SH) | Number of References (NR) |
URL (UR) | |
| Grant Number (NO) | Page Count (PN) | ||
| Go: Table of Contents or Back | |||
All Fields for Display, Print, Email, and Save: Use the Select Fields button in the Results Manager at the bottom of the Main Search Page to choose the fields for a record. |
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| Abstract (AB) | Identifiers (ID) | Page Count (PN) | |
| Access Rights (AR) | Institution (IN) | Peer Reviewed (PR) | |
| Accession Number (AN) | ISBN (IB) | Publication Type (PT) | |
| Audience Type (AT) | ISSN (IS) | Publisher (PB) | |
| Author (AU) | Language (LG) | Report Number (RP) | |
| Date of Publication (DP) | Level of Availability (LV) | Source (SO) | |
| Educational Level (EL) | Local Messages (LM) | Sponsoring Agency (SA) | |
| Entry Month (EM) | Notes (NT) | Title (TI) | |
| ERIC Subject Headings (SH) | Number of References (NR) |
URL (UR) | |
| Grant Number (NO) | |||
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Elements of Source (SO) Field: Ovid searches the following fields as part of the record source. |
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| Issue/Part (IP) | Pagination (PG) | Year of Publication (YR) | |
| Journal Name (JN) | Volume (VO) | ||
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The following list is sorted alphabetically by the two-letter label, and includes the relevant alias, at least one example for all searchable fields, and a description of the field.
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| AB | Abstract [Word Index] math.ab. |
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| The Abstract (AB) field contains a concise summary of the document. Abstracts in the ERIC database are written by the author/s, and they appear for nearly all the records in the database. The abstract index contains all searchable words from the abstract. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| AN | Accession Number [Phrase Indexed] ed474356.an. |
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The Accession Number (AN) field contains a number assigned to each document to uniquely identify the record. Accession numbers for journal articles are preceded with EJ. Accession numbers for non-journal articles are preceded with ED. |
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| AR | Access Rights [Phrase Indexed] yes.ar. |
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The Access Rights (AR) field indicates whether or not ERIC can provide full text for the record. |
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| AT | Audience Type [Phrase Indexed] teachers.at. |
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The Audience Type (AT) field indicates the intended audience of a publication. There are eleven major audience types:
Audience Type information is available from 1984 to the present. |
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| AU | Author [Phrase Indexed] smith bruce d.au. |
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| The Author (AU) field contains up to two personal authors. The author names are entered into the index in the format of last name followed by first and middle names or up to two initials, as they appeared on the original article. Thus, a person named James C. Smith may appear as Smith James C, Smith J. Charles, Smith JC or Smith J. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| DP | Date of Publication [Display Only] 1997.dp. |
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The Date of Publication (DP) field contains the publication date of the article or monograph. Search for the year of publication in the Year of Publication (YR) field. Date of Publication displays in the DP field as a year and displays in the Source (SO) field with the month (when available) and year. |
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| EL | Educational Level [Word Indexed] elementary secondary education.el. |
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The Educational Level (EL) field identifies the specific audience (in this case by educational-level) for whom the resource is intended. |
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| EM | Entry Month [Phrase Indexed] 199905.em. |
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| The Entry Month (EM) field contains a 6-digit number in the format YYYYMM representing the year and month in which a document was entered into the ERIC database. When an existing entry is updated, the EM field will also include the date of the latest revision. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| HW | Heading Word [Word Indexed] zoology.hw. |
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The Heading Words (HW) field is a Word indexed version of the Subject Headings (SH) field. Terms searched in the Heading Words field will display in the Subject Headings field. |
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| IB | ISBN [Phrase Indexed] "82432207x".ib. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The ISBN (IB) field contains the International Standard Book Number (ISBN) for a book or monographic publication. It appears as a number separated by hyphens. Search for the ISBN number without using hyphens or spaces. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| ID | Identifiers [Word Indexed] homeless.id. |
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The Identifiers (ID) field consists of concepts that are mentioned in the abstract, but do not yet exist in the ERIC controlled vocabularies. These keywords are proper nouns from the following areas:
Individual words from these phrases are entered into the index; enter individual words to view the index. |
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| IN | Institution [Word Indexed] harvard.in. |
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| The Institution (IN) field contains the name of the institution with which the primary author was affiliated. Search for the most unique word or phrase in the institution data; for example, search "harvard" not "university". | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| IP | Issue / Part [Word Indexed] "3".ip. |
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| The Issue / Part field (IP) contains the Issue and/or Part for a particular volume of a journal. This field displays as part of the Source (SO) field. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| IS | ISSN [Phrase Indexed] 0029-6554.is. 0029 6554.is. |
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| The ISSN (IS) field contains the International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) for the journal in which an article was published. It appears as a number separated by hyphens. You can search for the ISSN number with hyphens or by substituting spaces for the hyphens. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| IW | Descriptor Superlabel [ID, SH Fields] opera.iw. |
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The Descriptor Superlabel (IW) field searches both the Identifier (ID) and Subject Heading (SH) fields at the same time. Searching the Descriptor Superlabel is a quick way to scan both the controlled vocabulary (Subject Headings) and secondary indexing terms (Identifiers) for a particular term. For example, searching homeless$.iw. retrieves all occurrences of the word "homeless" as well as variants of the stem such as "homelessness," in ERIC's indexing vocabulary. |
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| JN | Journal Name [Phrase Indexed] cognitive science.jn. |
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| The Journal Name (JN) field contains the full name of the
journal in which an article was published.
Journal names are indexed as phrases. To view journal titles in the index enter as many of the words or letters in a journal name as are needed to distinguish it from other journals: cognitive sci for "Cognitive Science." |
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| JX | Journal Word [Word Indexed] cognitive.jx. |
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| The Journal Word (JX) field contains individual words from every journal name in ERIC. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| LG | Language [Phrase Indexed] french.lg. |
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| The Language (LG) field contains the language(s) of publication
of an article.
For a list of languages, refer to the Languages limit drop down list. |
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| LV | Level of Availability [Phrase Indexed] "1".lv. |
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The Level of Availability (LV) field indicates whether or not the document can be accessed in an ERIC microfiche collection and only applies to documents which were indexed prior to 2005 (ERIC record numbers ED010000-ED483046). Levels 1 and 2 indicate that the item is available on microfiche. Level 3 indicates that the item is indexed only. Previously, the LV field was used to indicate ERIC full text availability. That information is now found in the Access Rights (AR) field. |
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| NO | Grant Number [Phrase Indexed] hhs 600 82 0251.no. |
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| The Grant Number (NO) field contains an alphanumeric code
identifying the contract supporting the project and/or publication. Through
June of 1976, only U.S. Office of Education (OE) or National Institute of
Education (NIE) grants were cited; since then a broader range of granting
institutions contract numbers have been included.
Records added to this database after June 2005 do not contain data in this field. |
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| NR | Number of References [Word Indexed] "14".nr. |
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The Number of References (NR) field contains the number of bibliographic references actually contained in the article. |
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| NT | Notes [Word Indexed] theme.nt. |
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| The Notes (NT) field contains various types of descriptive
information augmenting the Source data, such as the relationship of the
present work to a previous work. This is a free text field used most frequently
to capture complex publication histories such as series and theses.
Records added to this database after June 2005 do not contain data in this field. |
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| PB | Publisher [Word Indexed] edrs.pb. microfiche.pb. |
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| The Publisher (PB) field contains information about where to obtain the document. This field is present for non-journal records only. If the document is also available from an additional source, such as a publisher, this source will also be indicated. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| PG | Pagination [Word Indexed] "96".pg. |
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The Pagination (PG) field consists of the initial page of the document. The full page range displays as part of the Source (SO) field. |
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| PN | Page Count [Phrase Indexed] "34".pn. |
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The Page Count (PN) field lists the number of pages of the article. |
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| PR | Peer Reviewed [Word Indexed] yes.pr. |
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The Peer Reviewed (PR) field indicates the peer reviewed status of the source or journal. The values will be either "Yes" or "No." |
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| PT | Publication Type [Phrase Indexed] Non-Print-Media.pt. |
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| Each document in ERIC is assigned one or more terms to
describe its publication type. Publication Types (PT) include such broad
categories as "Journal Articles" or "Historical Material" and also more
specific entries such as STATISTICAL DATA (Numerical, Quantitative, and so on).
The Publication Types limit includes the following publication types in their fully spelled-out form.
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| RP | Report Number [Phrase Indexed] rand n 2011 aid.rp. |
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| The Report Number (RP) field contains the unique identifying
number assigned this document by the organization producing or disseminating
the work. The RP field may also contain International Standard Book Number
(ISBN) information.
Records added to this database after June 2005 do not contain data in this field. |
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| SA | Sponsoring Agency [Word Indexed] delinquency prevention.sa. |
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| The Sponsoring Agency (SA) field contains the English language name of the organization which funded (in whole or in part) the project described in the document. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| SD | Source Description [IP, VO, PG] |
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| Search the Source Description (SD) to see where in the source the citation is located, including the Issue / Part (IP), Volume (VO), and Pagination (PG). | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| SH | ERIC Subject Headings [Phrase Indexed] geography instruction.sh. |
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| The Subject Headings (SH) field contains the subject headings
used by indexers at the ERIC Clearinghouses to describe the content of
a document.
Subject headings are taken from the Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors. They are entered into the index as phrases and should be searched as they appear in the Thesaurus. Subject headings which describe the major point, or focus, of an article, will be preceded with an asterisk (*) in the document display. However, starting with records added for the July 2005 update, Subject Headings will no longer be preceded by an asterisk in display records. |
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| SO | Source [Display Only] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| The Source (SO) field indicates the bibliographic source of the entry. This includes the full journal name, volume number, issue/part number, pagination, and date of publication. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| TI | Title [Word Indexed] educational reform.ti. |
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| The Title (TI) field contains the title and subtitle of the document. In cases where there is no title or the title is not informative, indexers may create title information; such entries will be enclosed in brackets. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| TW | Textword [TI, AB, ID Fields] math class.tw. |
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| The Textword (TW) field is an alias for all of the fields
which contain text words and which are appropriate for a free text subject
search.
The Textword fields in ERIC include Title (TI), Abstract (AB), Heading Word (HW), and Identifiers (ID). |
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| UR | URL [Word Indexed] AD$.ur. |
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The URL (UR) field contains the reference to the external article, using URLs or similar identifiers (Handles, DOIs, and so on). Searching for AD$.ur yields results for http://advan.physiology.org/ (Advances in Physiology Education). |
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| VO | Volume [Word Indexed] "54".vo. |
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| The Volume (VO) field consists of the volume of a serial publication. This field usually displays as part of the Source (SO) field. | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| YR | Year of Publication [Phrase Indexed] 1996.yr. |
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The Year (YR) field contains the four digit year in which an article or monograph was published. Search the year using four digits. Years must be searched individually; do not enter a range of years. The year is normally displayed as part of the Source (SO) field and Date of Publication (DP) field. |
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You can use special words and symbols to combine search terms and refine a search. For efficient searching, use the most appropriate operator from the list below to combine search terms. For more information on these and other searching techniques, including command line syntax searching, refer to the Ovid Gateway Help.
| Operator | Syntax | Search Example | Sample Results |
| OR | x or y | test or anxiety | "Measuring Treatment Integrity: Testing a Multiple-Component, Multiple-Method Intervention Implementation Evaluation Model " |
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The OR operator retrieves records that contain any or all of the search terms. For example, the search heart attack or myocardial infarction retrieves results that contain the terms heart attack, myocardial infarction or both terms; results are all inclusive. You can use the OR operator in both unqualified searches and searches applied to a specific field. | ||
| AND | x and y | prekindergarten and disabilities | "Even Start Family Literacy program; Education of Homeless Children and Youth Program; programs for students with disabilities, including the SuperStart Prekindergarten Program, ... " |
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The AND operator retrieves only those records that include all of the search terms. For example, the search blood pressure and stroke retrieves results that contain the term blood pressure and the term stroke together in the same record; results are exclusive of records that do not contain both of these terms. You can use the AND operator in both unqualified searches and searches applied to a specific field. | ||
| NOT | x not y | special education not gifted | "This guide is the product of a joint effort between the U.S. Department of Education?s Office of Special Education..." |
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The NOT operator retrieves records that contain the first search term and excludes the second search term. For example, the search health reform not health maintenance organizations retrieves only those records that contain the term health reform but excludes the term health maintenance organizations. In this way, you can use the NOT operator to restrict results to a specific topic. You can use the NOT operator in both unqualified searches and searches applied to a specific field. |
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| Adjacency (ADJ) | x y | special adj education | "This updated publication includes guidance on the law and how it supports teachers and schools; valuable information on special education,..." |
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The Adjacent operator (ADJ) retrieves records with search terms next to each other.You do not need to separate search terms manually by inserting ADJ between them, because when you separate terms with a space on the command line, Ovid automatically searches for the terms adjacent to one another. For example, the search blood pressure is identical to the search blood adj pressure. | ||
| Defined Adjacency (ADJn) | x ADJn y | prekindergarten adj4 disabilities | "...programs for students with disabilities, including the SuperStart Prekindergarten Program,... " |
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The defined adjacency operator (ADJn) retrieves records that contain search terms within a specified number (n) of words from each other in any order. To use the adjacency operator, separate your search terms with ADJ and a number from 1 to 99. For example, the search physician adj5 relationship retrieves records that contain the words physician and relationship within five words of each other in either direction. This particular search retrieves records containing such phrases as physician patient relationship, patient physician relationship, or relationship of the physician to the patient. | ||
| Frequency (FREQ) | x.ab./FREQ=n | gifted.ab. /freq=5 | "...the teaching experiment methodology is used to observe firsthand a gifted student's mathematical... teaching experiments was conducted with 1 gifted ..to investigate how the gifted student's .... opportunities for gifted and average students .... the gifted student was able to use analytical, .... " |
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The frequency operator (FREQ) lets you specify a threshold of occurrence of a term in the records retrieved from your search. Records containing your search term are retrieved only if the term occurs at least the specified (n) number of times. In general, records that contain many instances of your search term are more relevant than records that contain fewer instances. The frequency operator is particularly useful when searching a text field, such as Abstract or Full Text, for a common word or phrase. | ||
| Unlimited Truncation ($) | x$ | child$ | "This article argues that merely discrediting
No Child Left Behind" |
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Unlimited truncation retrieves all possible suffix variations of the root word indicated. To apply unlimited truncation to a term, type the root word or phrase followed by either of the truncation characters: $ (dollar sign) or : (colon). For example, in the truncated search disease$, Ovid retrieves the word disease as well as the words diseases, diseased, and more. | ||
| Limited Truncation ($) | x$n | dog$1 | "play fetch with your dog or push a couch across
the room...." |
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Limited truncation specifies a maximum number of characters that may follow the root word or phrase. For example, the truncated search dog$1 retrieves results with the words dog and dogs; but it does not retrieve results with the word dogma. | ||
| Mandated Wildcard (#) | xx#y | wom#n | "...degrees earned by women,..." |
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Searching with a mandated wildcard retrieves all possible variations of a word in which the wildcard is present in the specified place. You can use it at the end of a term to limit results to only those that contain the word plus the mandated character. For example, the search dog# retrieves results that contain the word dogs, but not those that contain the word dog, effectively limiting results to only those that contain the plural form of the word. The mandated wild card character (#) is also useful for retrieving specialized plural forms of a word. For example, the search wom#n retrieves results that contain both woman and women. You can use multiple wild cards in a single query word. | ||
| Optional Wildcard (?) | xx?y | colo?r | "....especially for low-income students and
students of color...." |
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The optional wild card character (?) can be used within or at the end of a search term to substitute for one or no characters. This wild card is useful for retrieving documents with British and American word variants since it specifies that you want retrieval whether or not the extra character is present. For example, the optional wild card search colo?r retrieves results that contain the words color or colour. You can use multiple wild cards in a single query word. | ||
| Literal String ("") | "x / y" | "child/adult" | "Analyses examined observed child-adult ratios..." |
| "n" | "3".vo | "The Achiever: Volume 3, Number 13. 4 p." |
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Quotation marks can be used to retrieve records that contain literal strings, when the string includes special characters, such as a forward slash (/). Quotation marks can also be used to retrieve records that contain numbers that may otherwise be confused for earlier searches. In the example, a search for 3.vo would limit the string from your third search in your search history to the volume field. By including the number in quotation marks, the search will retrieve documents with a 3 in the volume number. |
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| At customer request, StopWords have been eliminated from this database. You can now search for words or phrases like is there hope.tw. Previously such searches would have returned an error because they included stopwords. |
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Limit |
Syntax | |
| Education Levels | Sentence Syntax: | limit 1 to high schools |
Since 1975, at least one Education Level is assigned to every document and journal article (unless a level is entirely inappropriate). The limit to Education Levels restricts your search to levels such as "Preschool Education" or "Adult Basic Education." If you choose this limit, Ovid presents you with a list of ERIC Education Levels from which to select. Select all the levels that are appropriate. |
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| English Language | Sentence Syntax: | limit 1 to english language |
| A limit to English restricts retrieval to articles which are written in the English language. This limit excludes Non-English articles with English abstracts. | ||
| ERIC Full Text | Sentence Syntax: | limit 1 to eric full text |
A limit to ERIC Full Text will restrict retrieval to those citations for which there is an ERIC full text link. To limit to Ovid full text and other types of external full text use the limit to Full Text. |
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| Full Text | Sentence Syntax: | limit 1 to full text |
| A limit to Full Text restricts retrieval to those citations for which there is a full text link. Both Ovid full text and external full text are included in this limit. | ||
| Journal Articles | Sentence Syntax: | limit 1 to journal articles |
A limit to Journal Article will restrict retrieval to Journal Articles. |
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| Languages | Sentence Syntax: | limit 1 to chinese |
| A limit to Language restricts retrieval to any of the languages indexed by ERIC. If you choose this option you will be presented with an alphabetic list of those languages from which to select from Abenaki to Zoque. | ||
| Latest Update | Sentence Syntax:
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limit 1 to latest update |
| New journal documents are added to the ERIC database every month. A limit to latest update restricts retrieval to documents which were most recently added to the database. | ||
| Ovid Full Text Available | Sentence Syntax:
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limit 1 to ovid full text available |
A limit to Ovid Full Text Available restricts retrieval to those citations for which an Ovid full text link is available. |
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| Peer Reviewed | Sentence Syntax: | limit 1 to peer reviewed |
A limit by Peer Reviewed restricts retrieval to articles that have been peer reviewed. |
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| Publication Types | Sentence Syntax: | limit 1 to creative works limit 1 to books |
A limit by Publication Type restricts retrieval by any of the publication types indexed by ERIC, including such classifications as "Information Analyses", "Viewpoints", and "Tests, Evaluation Instruments." In the ERIC database, more than one publication type is usually assigned to a document. If you choose this option you will be presented with an alphabetical list of publication types, and a definition for each, from which to select. |
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| Publication Year | Sentence Syntax:
Command Syntax: |
limit 1 to yr=1996 |
You can restrict retrieval to any of the years which this database covers. If you choose this option you will be prompted to enter the desired year: the format is 4 digits, "2004." |
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The following Search Tools are available for this database. For specific
information on using these tools, refer to the Ovid Gateway Help.
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| Go: Table of Contents or Back |
To change a search session to a segment of this database from another database or another segment, use the following syntax:
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<Sample 1> Accession Number EJ724591 Authors Rao, Nitya. Robinson-Pant, Anna. Title Adult Education and Indigenous People: Addressing Gender in Policy and |
<Sample 2> Accession Number EJ723733 Authors Kiridis, Argiris. Drossos, Vangelis. Tsakiridou, Eleni. Title Teachers Facing ICT: The Case of Greece Publisher Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education, P.O. Box 1545, |
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| The ERIC database is owned and controlled by the U.S. Department of Education, but it is not copyrighted. Its use for educational purposes of all types is encouraged. The ERIC facility is the sole source of the original (updated monthly) ERIC bibliographic database. |
| Database Guide last updated November 29, 2007. |
| Go: Table of Contents or Back |