GeoRef is the American Geological Institute's geoscience database containing over 2.4 million records of North America since 1785, and other areas of the world since 1933. The database is the equivalent of four major reference publications: "Bibliography of North American Geology," "Bibliography and Index of Geology, Exclusive of North America," "Geophysical Abstracts," and the "Bibliography and Index of Geology." Additional items come from special bibliographies produced on request for state surveys or societies, and annual subject and author indexes.
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===== ============ Label Name/Example ===== ============ AB Abstract [Word Indexed] abandoned.ab. maastrichtian.ab. The Abstract (AB) field contains a brief summary of the document. This field is not always present, especially for records indexed between 1933 and 1995. Stopwords such as "the" or "of" are not included. See the list of stopwords for more information. AI Abstract Indicator [Phrase Indexed] yes.ai. no.ai. The Abstract Indicator (AI) can be searched to restrict retrieval to records that include an abstract using "yes" or "no." AN Accession Number [Phrase Indexed] "2002 072600".an. "2007 128381".an. The Accession Number (AN) field contains a unique number assigned to the document by the American Geological Institute. The Accession Number is composed of two elements: the year (YYYY) and an item number (nnnnnn). AP All Authors [Word Indexed] thomas.ap. ryan.ap. The All Authors (AP) index contains information from the Authors (AU), Book Authors (BA), Corporate Author (CA), and Collection Authors (CL) fields. AU Author [Phrase Indexed] adam$.au. nabelek peter i.au. The Author (AU) field contains the name(s) of the personal author or person associated with an analytic document. Author names display as last name, first name and/or initials, depending on the form used in the original document. If you do not know the exact spelling of the author's last name when searching the AU field, consider using truncation ($), which retrieves records with word variants. See the Truncation section for more information. You may also search the AU index by clicking on the Author icon on the Main Search Page and then entering the author's name. Searching "cathelineau m," for example, jumps to "cathelineau m.au." in the author index. AV Availability [Word Indexed] canada.av. order.av. The Availability (AV) field contains the name of the organization from which the document is available. BA Book Author [Phrase Indexed] demenocal peter.ba. pasamehmetoglu a g editor.ba. The Book Author (BA) field contains the name(s) of the author or editor associated with the monograph, as well as the person's relationship to the document if other than author, such as "editor." Author names display as last name, first name, and initials. BI Book Author Institution [Word Indexed] environmental.bi. republic.bi. The Book Author Institution (BI) field contains the institutional affiliation of the analytic author of the document. BK Book Title [Word Indexed] fall.bk. safety.bk. The Book Title (BK) field contains the title of the monograph, and can also include the full title and subtitle of the monograph, a translation or transliteration of the title, or some other title modification. Analytic titles display in the Title (TI) field. Collection titles display in the Collection Title (CT) field. BL Bibliographic Level [Phrase Indexed] analytic.bl. monograph.bl. The Bibliographic Level (BL) field indicates the type of document described by the record. Bibliographic levels are analytic, collection, monograph, and serial. CA Corporate Author [Phrase Indexed] finland geological survey finland.ca. u s defence threat reduction agency united states.ca. The Corporate Author (CA) field contains the name and address of the corporate body associated with the analytic, monograph, or collection. CC Classification Code [Word Indexed] "09".cc. paleobotany.cc. The Classification Code (CC) field contains a code and a name that denotes the general area of earth science to which the document belongs. Records are assigned one or more classification codes. Search for a classification code by individual words contained in the classification name, the two-digit numeric code, or the three-character code subdivision (used for some classifications since 1981). See the list of classification codes for information about specific classification codes and phrases. CL Collection Authors [Phrase Indexed] anonymous.cl. jorgensen sven e editor.cl. The Collection Authors (CL) field contains the name(s) of the author or editor associated with the collection, as well as the person's relationship to the document if other than author, such as "editor." Author names display as last name, first name, and initials. CN Conference Information [Word Indexed] academy.cn. june.cn. houston.cn. The Conference Information (CN) field contains the name, location, and date of a meeting, conference, symposium, etc. This field displays in few records indexed before 1976. CO Coden [Phrase Indexed] "00012".cd. aabud2.cd. The Coden (CO) field contains a five- or six-character code that identifies a serial title. The code represents either a CODEN or a numeric code assigned by AGI. The AGI-assigned numbers, which consist of six numbers, or a number sign (#) and five numbers, are for serials that do not have a CODEN or an ISSN. CP Country of Publication [Phrase Indexed] belgium.cp. ukraine.cp. The Country of Publication (CP) field contains the country where the publisher is located. CT Collection Title [Word Indexed] circular.ct. series.ct. The Collection Title (CT) field contains the title of the collection, and can also include the full title and subtitle of the collection, a translation or transliteration of the title, or some other title modification. Analytic titles display in the Title (TI) field. Book titles display in the Book Title (BK) field. CW Corporate Author Word [Word Indexed] administration.cw. zealand.cw. The Corporate Author Word (CW) field contains the name and address of the corporate body associated with the analytic, monograph, or collection. Stopwords such as "the" or "of" are not included. See the list of stopwords for more information. DG Degree Granted [Phrase Indexed] doctoral.dg. masters.dg. The Degree Granted (DG) field contains the level of degree granted for the thesis or dissertation described in the record. DI Degree Granting Institution [Word Indexed] canada.di. mines.di. The Degree Granting Institution (DI) field contains the name, and in some cases, the address or location of the institution granting the degree for which the thesis or dissertation described in the record was presented. Most references are to theses and dissertations presented at colleges and universities in the U.S. and Canada. HW Heading Word [Word Indexed] abandoned.hw. xinjiang.hw. The Heading Word (HW) index contains keywords that describe the most important concepts in the document. Stopwords such as "the" or "of" are not included. See the list of stopwords for more information. IB ISBN [Phrase Indexed] "0 08 043199 2".ib. "9980 9998 2 9".ib. The ISBN (IB) field contains the unique International Standard Book Number (ISBN) that identifies a book. This field was seldom used in records indexed before 1976. IL Illustration [Word Indexed] charts.il. sketch.il. The Illustration (IL) field contains information about the type(s) of illustrations included in the record. This field also indicates how many references are cited in the document. IN Institution [Word Indexed] academy.in. taipei.in. The Institution (IN) field contains the institutional affiliation of the analytic author of the document. Book author affiliations display in the Book Author Institution (BI) field. IP Issue/Part [Word Indexed] "1".ip. "99".ip. The Issue/Part field (IP) contains the issue and/or part for a particular volume of a journal. The IP field displays as part of the Source (SO) field. IS ISSN [Phrase Indexed] "0001 5733".is. "8755 8556".is. The ISSN (IS) field contains the International Standard Serial Number assigned to each serial or journal. The ISSN is nine characters, two sets of numeric characters separated by a hyphen. Include the hyphen when searching for an ISSN. JN Journal Name [Phrase Indexed] aapg bulletin.jn. water research oxford.jn. The Journal Name (JN) field contains the full name of the journal in which the article was published. This field displays as part of the Source (SO) field. To search the Journal field from the Main Search Page, consider using the truncation symbol, $, which retrieves records with word variants. See the Truncation section for more information. To search the Journal index, click the Journal icon on the Main Search Page. Journal names are indexed as phrases, so enter enough letters of the journal name to locate the name in the index. For example, enter "american min" to jump to the location of "American Mineralogist" in the index. Stopwords such as "of" are included in the JN index, but when "the" is the first word of a journal, it has been removed. See the list of stopwords for more information. JX Journal Word [Word Indexed] families.jx. new england.jx. The Journal Word (JX) field contains individual words from every journal name indexed in GeoRef. Use this field to retrieve every occurrence of a journal that includes a particular word, such as "geology." Stopwords such as "the" or "of" are not included. See the list of stopwords for more information. LG Language [Phrase Indexed] chinese.lg. italian.lg. The Language (LG) field indicates the language or languages in which the text of the item is available. LS Language of Summary [Word Indexed] english.ls. polish.ls. The Language of Summary (LS) field contains the language or languages of summaries given on the original piece if different from the text. To search by language of text, use the Language (LA) field. MC Map Coordinates [Word Indexed] e0000000.mc. w1800000.mc. The Map Coordinates (MC) field contains the latitudinal and longitudinal values of geographic areas. Coordinates for an area include the southernmost and northernmost latitude and the easternmost and westernmost longitude ( for example: N360000; N363000; W0250000; W0273000). Note: * Map coordinates are available in records from 1977 forward. * The coordinates are included only where an area can be defined precisely. * There can be multiple map coordinates associated with a record. * Longitude includes three spaces for degrees and must be zero-filled to search for longitudes less than 100 (e.g., W025*). ME Source Medium [Word Indexed] microfiche.me. disc.me. The Source Medium (ME) field indicates the medium of the source document when it is not paper. Sources include compact disc, diskette, DVD, microfiche, USA, and WWW. MS Map Scale [Phrase Indexed] "11 000 000".ms. "124 000".ms. The Map Scale (MS) field contains the scale of the map in the form of a ratio, such as 1:1,000,000. MT Map Type [Word Indexed] geologic.mt. survey.mt. The Map Type (MT) field describes the type of map. NN Annotation [Word Indexed] abstracts.nn. watershed.nn. The Annotation (NN) field contains annotations for all or part of a document, including title annotations. Translation, reprint, and information relating to previous records can be included in this field. NO Report Number [Phrase Indexed] "00".no. "972".no. The Report Number (NO) field contains a number that identifies a report. Frequently the report number can include a component that identifies a report series. NT Notes [Word Indexed] assessment.nt. division.nt. The Notes (NT) field contains additional information about the record that cannot be categorized into any other fields in the database. OD Other Dates [Phrase Indexed] "1998".od. "193702".od. "19541101".od. The Other Dates (OD) field contains dates related to the document other than the date of publication. Dates can be in YYYY, YYYYMM, or YYYYMMDD format. OS Original Source [Display Only] The Original Source (OS) field indicates the bibliographic source of the entry. This includes the full journal name, volume number, issue number, pagination, and year of publication. PG Pagination [Word Indexed] "10".pg. "200".pg. The Pagination (PG) field contains the initial and final pages of a document. The PG field displays as part of the Source (SO) field. PP Total Pages [Word Indexed] "100".pp. "22".pp. The Total Pages (PP) field contains the total number of pages contained in the original document. PT Publication Type [Word Indexed] book.pt. thesis.pt. The Publication Type (PT) field describes the form of the work and/or nature of its contents. Publication types include abstract, book, conference document, map, report, serial, and thesis or dissertation. PU Publisher [Word Indexed] academy.pu. helsinki.pu. The Publisher (PU) field contains the name, city, and country of the organization cited as publisher of the work. For serials, this field contains the current or most recent publisher, which might not have been the publisher in earlier years. RF Reference Source [Phrase Indexed] georef copyright 2002 american geological institute.rf. The Reference Source (RF) field contains references from published bibliographies, other databases, or publishers. In all cases, GeoRef staff checked the references and added indexing. RP Research Program [Word Indexed] congress.rp. ocean.rp. The Research Program (RP) field indicates the names of geoscience research programs in references related to the programs. SH Subject Heading [Word Indexed] abandoned mines.sh. world wide web.sh. The Subject Heading (SH) field contains indexing terms assigned to describe a given document or analytic. Subject headings are individual words or multi-word phrases. To search the Subject Heading field from the Main Search Page, consider using the truncation symbol, $, which retrieves records with word variants. See the Truncation section for more information. To search the Subject Heading index, click the Search Fields icon on the Main Search Page, select the Subject Heading checkbox, enter the heading word you wish to search, and click Display Index(es). The subject heading index displays. For example, enter "social work" to jump to the location of "social work.sh." in the index. SO Source [Display Only] The Source (SO) field indicates the bibliographic source of the entry. This includes the full journal name, volume number, issue number, pagination, and year of publication. TI Title [Word Indexed] earthquakes.ti. quadrangle.ti. The Title (TI) field contains the original title of an analytic. This field can contain the original or transliterated title and a translation of the title. Book titles display in the Book Title (BK) field. Collection titles display in the Collection Title (CT) field. UP Update Code [Phrase Indexed] "200222".up. "200801".up. The Update Code (UP) field contains the year and either the semi-monthly update (for updates through 2007) or week (for 2008 updates forward) that the record was added to the database. Both semi-monthly and weekly updates display in a YYYYUU format, where UU is either 01-24 or 01-52. UR URL [Word Indexed] file.ur. content.ur. The URL (UR) field contains one or more URLs (Uniform Resource Locator) where an online version of the document, a full-text version of the document, or additional information such as journals can be located. This field also indicates the method of access, such as: http, ftp, e-mail, remote login, etc. Currently, there are four types of URLs available in records: full text, availability, publisher, and series. Each URL cited in the record is preceded by its URL type in parentheses. VO Volume [Phrase Indexed] "100".vo. "71".vo. The Volume (VO) field indicates the volume of the serial or journal. The VO field displays as part of the Source (SO) field. WW WWW Attributes [Phrase Indexed] item.ww. url.ww. The WWW Attributes (WW) field indicates the presence of URL data within the record. For this database, you can search for records that contain data in the URL (UR) field. YR Year of Publication [Phrase Indexed] "1991".yr. "2002".yr. The Year (YR) field contains the year of publication of the document described in the record. The exact publication year for some records, however, is not known. In these records, only a partial date displays in the PY field (e.g., 19??, 184?, or 199?). Dates other than the date of publication display in the Other Dates (OD) field.Back to top
| a | by | having | neither | seem | those |
| about | can | how | no | seen | through |
| after | could | however | nor | several | thus |
| again | did | if | not | should | to |
| all | do | in | obtain | show | under |
| almost | does | into | obtained | showed | up |
| also | done | is | of | shown | upon |
| although | during | it | often | shows | use |
| always | each | its | on | significant | used |
| among | either | itself | only | significantly | using |
| an | enough | just | or | since | various |
| and | especially | kg | other | so | very |
| another | etc | km | our | some | was |
| any | followed | largely | out | such | we |
| approximately | following | like | overall | suggest | were |
| are | for | made | per | than | what |
| as | found | mainly | perhaps | that | when |
| at | from | make | possible | the | whereas |
| be | further | may | previously | their | which |
| because | give | might | quite | theirs | while |
| been | given | min | rather | them | with |
| before | giving | mm | really | then | within |
| being | had | most | regarding | there | would |
| between | hardly | mostly | resulted | these | |
| both | has | must | resulting | they | |
| but | have | nearly | same | this |
Author (AU) Field Using "adam$.au." as your search term retrieves "adam," "adamczyk," and "adamova," among others. Journal Name (JN) Field Using "geolog$.jn." as your search term retrieves "Geologia Colombiana," "Geologic Map Series Delaware Geological Survey," and "Geological Magazine," among others. Subject Heading (SH) Field Using "geolog$.sh." as your search term retrieves "geologic barometry," "geologic thermometry," and "geology," among others.Back to top
01 Mineralogy
01A General mineralogy (Includes mineralogical methods, regional studies,
mineral collecting)
01B Mineralogy of silicates
01C Mineralogy of non-silicates
02 Geochemistry
02A General geochemistry (Includes geochemical methods)
02B Geochemistry of water
02C Geochemistry of rocks, soils, and sediments
02D Isotope geochemistry
03 Geochronology (Includes absolute age and relative age)
04 Extraterrestrial geology
05 Igneous and metamorphic petrology
05A Igneous and metamorphic petrology (Includes igneous rocks, metamorphic
rocks, inclusions, intrusions, lava, magmas, metamorphism, metasomatism,
meteor craters, phase equilibria, pre-Quaternary volcanism)
05B Petrology of meteorites and tektites
06 Sedimentary petrology
06A Sedimentary petrology (Includes clay mineralogy, diagenesis, heavy
minerals, reefs, sedimentary rocks, sedimentary structures,
sedimentation, sediments, weathering)
06B Petrology of coal
07 Oceanography (Includes modern marine sedimentation)
08 General paleontology (Includes life origin, ichnofossils (if not
related to a specific fossil group), problematic fossils, and
studies which fall under more than one paleontologic category)
09 Paleobotany
10 Invertebrate paleontology
11 Vertebrate paleontology
12 Stratigraphy (Includes pre-Quaternary stratigraphy, biostratigraphy,
lithostratigraphy, magnetostratigraphy, paleogeography, archaeology,
changes of level, paleoclimatology, lithofacies, paleoecology,
biogeography)
13 Areal geology (Includes regional studies, guidebooks, and
studies which fall under three or more categories)
14 Geologic maps (Note: Other specific maps are found under the
relevant category)
15 Miscellaneous (Includes mathematical geology, general geoscience
education, annual reports of geologic surveys and associations, history,
geology as a profession, forensic geology)
16 Structural geology (Includes deformation, structural analysis,
tectonics, neotectonics, salt tectonics, epeirogeny, faults, folds,
foliation, fractures, geosynclines, isostasy, lineation, orogeny)
17 General geophysics
17A General geophysics (Includes physical properties of rocks and minerals)
17B Geophysics of minerals and rocks (Includes phase transitions, high
pressure-temperature studies of rocks and minerals (applied to core
and mantle composition))
18 Solid-earth geophysics (Includes tectonophysics, crust, mantle, core,
application of seismicity, plate tectonics, paleomagnetism, heat flow,
isostasy, sea-floor spreading, magnetic field, gravity field, Earth's
orbit and rotation)
19 Seismology (Includes earthquakes, seismicity, explosions, elastic
waves, seismic sources)
20 Applied geophysics (Includes acoustical surveys, Earth-current
surveys, electrical surveys, electromagnetic surveys, gravity surveys,
infrared surveys, magnetic surveys, magnetotelluric surveys, seismic
surveys, geodesy, heat flow, remote sensing, well-logging)
21 Hydrogeology (Includes water resources)
22 Environmental geology (Includes conservation, ecology, geologic
hazards, impact statements, land use, pollution (including water
pollution and soil pollution), reclamation, waste disposal)
23 Geomorphology (Includes erosion, mass movements, meteor craters,
cryptoexplosion features, eolian features, erosion features, fluvial
features, frost action, lacustrine features, shore features, solution
features, volcanic features)
24 Quaternary geology (Includes Quaternary geomorphology, Quaternary
glacial geology and glacial features, Quaternary stratigraphy,
Quaternary archaeology, Quaternary volcanoes, Quaternary climate,
Quaternary sediments, Quaternary changes of level)
25 Soils
26 Economic geology, general
26A Economic geology, general, deposits (Includes mining geology)
26B Economic geology, general, economics
27 Economic geology of ore deposits
27A Economic geology, geology of ore deposits (Includes uranium ores)
27B Economic geology, economics of ore deposits (Includes uranium ores)
28 Economic geology of nonmetal deposits
28A Economic geology, geology of nonmetal deposits
28B Economic geology, economics of nonmetal deposits
29 Economic geology of energy sources
29A Economic geology, geology of energy sources (Includes petroleum
(oil and gas), coal, and other energy sources)
29B Economic geology, economics of energy sources (Includes petroleum
(oil and gas), coal, and other energy sources)
30 Engineering, geology (Includes rock mechanics, soil mechanics,
waste disposal, reclamation, dams, earthquakes, explosions, foundations,
geologic hazards, highways, land subsidence, marine installations,
nuclear facilities, permafrost, reservoirs, shorelines, slope stability,
soil mechanics, tunnels, underground installations, waterways)
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Abstracts Command Syntax: ..L/1 ab=y Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to abstracts Bibliographic Level Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to analytic Degree Granted Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to masters English Language Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to english language Language Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to spanish Language of Summary Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to german Publication Type Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to book Publication Year Command Syntax: ..L/1 yr=2000 ..L/1 yr=1999-2003 Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to yr=2000 limit 1 to yr=1999-2003 URL Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to url WWW Attributes Sentence Syntax: limit 1 to url-itemBack to top
Command Syntax: ..c/gref Sentence Syntax: use grefBack to top
Accession Number 2002-072530 Title Amplification of earthquake ground motion by steep topographic irregularities. Author Paolucci Roberto Institution Politecnico di Milano, Department of Structural Engineering, Milan, Italy Source Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics. 31(10):1831-1853, 2002. Journal Name Earthquake Engineering and Structural Dynamics Publisher Wiley & Sons. Chichester-New York, United States. Country of Publication United States Year 2002 Language English Abstract The problem of amplification of seismic waves by surface topographic irregularities is addressed through analytical and numerical investigations. First, a closed-form expression for estimating the fundamental vibration frequency of homogeneous triangular mountains is obtained, using Rayleigh's method. Subsequently, numerical modelling based on the spectral element approximation is used to study the 3D seismic response of several real steep topographic irregularities excited by vertically propagating plane S-waves. A topographic amplification factor is obtained for each case, by a suitable average of the ratio of acceleration response spectra of output vs input motion. The 3D amplification factors are then compared with those derived by 2D analyses as well as with the topographic factors recommended in Eurocode 8 for seismic design. Subject Heading data processing. digital simulation. earthquakes. elastic waves. Europe. ground motion. guided waves. Italy. magnitude. propagation. Rayleigh waves. seismic response. seismic waves. Southern Europe. surface waves. three dimensional methods. topography. wave amplification. Classification Code 19 Seismology Publication Type Serial Bibliographic Level Analytic Illustration Refs: 33; illus. incl. 3 tables, sketch maps. Reference Source GeoRef, Copyright 2002, American Geological Institute. Reference includes data from John Wiley & Sons, Chichester, United Kingdom ISSN 0098-8847 Update Code 200222
Copyright, GeoRef, AGI, 1965 to present. All Rights Reserved. "GeoRef" is a registered trademark of the American Geological Institute.
Field Guide Revised December 18, 2007