Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Potash, Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 North Wolfe St., Meyer 4–119, Baltimore, MD 21287–7419; [email protected] (e-mail) or Dr. Zandi, Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Hampton House, Rm. 857, 624 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205; [email protected] (e-mail).
Drs. Mahon and Payne served as co-first authors.
(doi: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09030417). From the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, School of Medicine, and the Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore; Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health Clinical Research Center, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City; Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Unit, Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, U.K.; Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles; Department of Psychiatry, Rush-Presbyterian Medical Center, Chicago; Department of Psychiatry, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, and the New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York; Department of Psychiatry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, Calif.
Supported by NIMH grants 1K23 MH074799 (Payne), 5R01MH059542 (Crowe), 5R01MH059552 (DePaulo/Potash), 5R01MH061686 and 1K24MH64197 (Levinson), 5R01MH059541 (Scheftner), and 5R01MH060912 (Weissman). The GenRED cell and data collections used in this study included contributions from Dr. George S. Zubenko and Dr. Wendy N. Zubenko, Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, that were supported by R01 grant MH60866 from NIMH (G. Zubenko, principal investigator). Also supported by Arlene and Robert Kogod. Genotyping services were provided by the Center for Inherited Disease Research, which is fully funded through a federal contract from the NIH to The Johns Hopkins University, contract number N01-HG-65403.
The NIMH Cell Repository at Rutgers University and the NIMH Center for Collaborative Genetic Studies on Mental Disorders made essential contributions to this project. The authors thank Brandie Craighead and Jennifer Judy for their assistance. The authors also express their profound appreciation to the families who participated in this project and to the many clinicians who facilitated the referral of participants to the study.
Data and biomaterials were collected in six projects that participated in the NIMH Genetics of Recurrent Early-Onset Depression (GenRED) project. From 1999 to 2003, the principal investigators and co-investigators were as follows: Myrna M. Weissman, Ph.D., and James K. Knowles, M.D., Ph.D., New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York (R01 MH060912); George S. Zubenko, M.D., Ph.D., and Wendy N. Zubenko, Ed.D., R.N., C.S., University of Pittsburgh (R01 MH060866); J. Raymond DePaulo, M.D., Melvin G. McInnis, M.D., and Dean MacKinnon, M.D., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (R01 MH059552); Douglas F. Levinson, M.D. (GenRED coordinator), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (RO1 MH61686); Madeleine M. Gladis, Ph.D., Kathleen Murphy-Eberenz, Ph.D., and Peter Holmans, Ph.D., University of Wales College of Medicine; Raymond R. Crowe, M.D., and William H. Coryell, M.D., University of Iowa, Iowa City (R01 MH059542); William A. Scheftner, M.D., Rush University Medical Center, Chicago (R01 MH059541-05).
Data and biomaterials for the NIMH samples were collected as part of 10 projects that participated in the NIMH Bipolar Disorder Genetics Initiative. From 1991 to 1998, the principal investigators and co-investigators were as follows: John Nurnberger, M.D., Ph.D., Marvin Miller, M.D., and Elizabeth Bowman, M.D., Indiana University, Indianapolis (U01 MH46282); Theodore Reich, M.D., Allison Goate, Ph.D., and John Rice, Ph.D., Washington University, St Louis, (U01 MH46280); J. Raymond DePaulo, Jr., M.D., Sylvia Simpson, M.D., M.P.H., and Colin Stine, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (U01 MH46274); Elliot Gershon, M.D., Diane Kazuba, B.A., and Elizabeth Maxwell, M.S.W., NIMH Intramural Research Program, Clinical Neurogenetics Branch, Bethesda, Md. From 1999 to 2003, the principal investigators and co-investigators were as follows: John Nurnberger, M.D., Ph.D., Marvin J. Miller, M.D., Elizabeth S. Bowman, M.D., N. Leela Rau, M.D., P. Ryan Moe, M.D., Nalini Samavedy, M.D., Rif El-Mallakh, M.D. (at University of Louisville), Husseini Manji, M.D. (at Wayne State University), Debra A. Glitz, M.D. (at Wayne State University), Eric T. Meyer, M.S., Carrie Smiley, R.N., Tatiana Foroud, Ph.D., Leah Flury, M.S., Danielle M. Dick, Ph.D., and Howard Edenberg, Ph.D., Indiana University, Indianapolis (R01 MH59545); John Rice, Ph.D., Theodore Reich, M.D., Allison Goate, Ph.D., and Laura Bierut, M.D., Washington University, St. Louis (R01 MH059534); Melvin McInnis, M.D., J. Raymond DePaulo Jr., M.D., Dean F. MacKinnon, M.D., Francis M. Mondimore, M.D., James B. Potash, M.D., Peter P. Zandi, Ph.D., Dimitrios Avramopoulos, and Jennifer Payne, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore (R01 MH59533); Wade Berrettini, M.D., Ph.D., University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (R01 MH59553); William Byerley, M.D., and Mark Vawter, M.D., University of California at Irvine (R01 MH60068); William Coryell, M.D., and Raymond Crowe, M.D., University of Iowa (R01 MH059548); Elliot Gershon, M.D., Judith Badner, Ph.D., Francis McMahon, M.D., Chunyu Liu, Ph.D., Alan Sanders, M.D., Maria Caserta, Steven Dinwiddie, M.D., Tu Nguyen, and Donna Harakal, University of Chicago (R01 MH59535); John Kelsoe, M.D., Rebecca McKinney, B.A., University of California, San Diego (R01 MH59567); William Scheftner, M.D., Howard M. Kravitz, D.O., M.P.H., Diana Marta, B.A., Annette Vaughn-Brown, M.S.N., R.N., and Laurie Bederow, M.A., Rush University (R01 MH059556); Francis J. McMahon, M.D., Layla Kassem, Psy.D., Sevilla Detera-Wadleigh, Ph.D., Lisa Austin, Ph.D., and Dennis L. Murphy, M.D., NIMH Intramural Research Program, Bethesda, Md. (1Z01MH002810-01).
Control subjects from the NIMH Schizophrenia Genetics Initiative (NIMH-GI), data, and biomaterials were collected by the “Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia II” (MGS-2) collaboration. The investigators and coinvestigators are as follows: Pablo V. Gejman, M.D. (Collaboration Coordinator, principal investigator), and Alan R. Sanders, M.D., ENH/Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill. (MH059571); Farooq Amin, M.D. (principal investigator), Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta (MH59587); Nancy Buccola, A.P.R.N., B.C., M.S.N. (principal investigator), Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans (MH067257); William Byerley, M.D. (principal investigator), University of California-Irvine, (MH60870); C. Robert Cloninger, M.D. (principal investigator), Washington University, St. Louis (U01 MH060879); Raymond Crowe, M.D. (principal investigator), and Donald Black, M.D., University of Iowa, Iowa City (MH59566); Robert Freedman, M.D. (principal investigator), University of Colorado, Denver (MH059565); Douglas Levinson, M.D. (principal investigator), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia (MH061675); Bryan Mowry, M.D. (principal investigator), University of Queensland, Queensland, Australia (MH059588); Jeremy Silverman, Ph.D. (principal investigator), Mt. Sinai School of Medicine, New York (MH59586).
Genome-wide SNP genotyping of the NIMH samples was performed through the Genetic Association Information Network under the direction of the Bipolar Genetics Studies (BiGS) Collaboration. The BiGS principal investigators and co-investigators were as follows: John R. Kelsoe, M.D. (principal investigator), Tiffany A. Greenwood, Ph.D., and Caroline Nievergelt, Ph.D., University of California San Diego, La Jolla; Nicholas Schork, Ph.D. (principal investigator), Erin N. Smith, Ph.D., and Cinnamon Bloss, Ph.D., Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, Calif.; John Nurnberger, M.D. (principal investigator), Howard J. Edenberg, Ph.D., and Tatiana Foroud, Ph.D., Indiana University, Bloomington; Elliot Gershon, M.D. (principal investigator), Chunyu Liu, Ph.D., and Judith A. Badner, Ph.D., University of Chicago, Chicago; William A. Scheftner, M.D., Rush University Medical Center, Chicago; William B. Lawson, M.D. (principal investigator), Evaristus A. Nwulia, M.D., and Maria Hipolito, M.D., Howard University, Washington, D.C.; William Coryell, M.D. (principal investigator), University of Iowa, Iowa City; John Rice, Ph.D. (principal investigator), Washington University, St. Louis; William Byerley, M.D. (principal investigator), University of California San Francisco, San Francisco; Francis McMahon, M.D. (principal investigator), and Thomas G. Schulze, M.D., NIMH, Bethesda, Md.; Wade Berrettini, M.D., Ph.D. (principal investigator), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia; James B. Potash, M.D. (principal investigator), Peter P. Zandi, Ph.D., and Pamela Belmonte Mahon, Ph.D., Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.; Melvin G. McInnis, M.D. (principal investigator), and Sebastian Zöllner, Ph.D., University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; David Craig, Ph.D. (principal investigator), and Szabolics Szelinger, Translation Genomic Research Institute, Phoenix.
Dr. Weissman has received investigator-initiated grants from Eli Lilly and GlaxoSmithKline. Dr. Payne has received consulting fees from Wyeth Pharmaceuticals and AstraZeneca and grant support from Novartis. Dr. Mondimore has received grant support from Novartis. The remaining authors report no competing interests.
Received March 25, 2009; revision received June 7, 2009; accepted June 17, 2009
