High Autonomic Arousal and Electrodermal Orienting at Age 15 Years as Protective Factors Against Criminal Behavior at Age 29 Years

Raine, Adrian DPhil
Venables, Peter H. PhD, DSc
Williams, Mark MA

Presented at the annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, San Francisco, Feb. 18-23, 1994. Received Nov. 28, 1994; revision received April 24, 1995; accepted June 2, 1995. From the Department of Psychology, University of York, England, and the Department of Psychology, University of Southern California. Address reprint requests to Dr. Raine, Department of Psychology, S.G.M. Building, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089-1061.
Supported by NIMH Research Scientist Development Award MH-01114 to Dr. Raine.

American Journal of Psychiatry 152(11):p 1595-1600, November 1995.

Objective

Nothing is known about biological factors that protect a predisposed individual from becoming criminal. This 14-year prospective study tested the hypothesis that antisocial adolescents who desist from crime by age 29 have greater physiological arousal and orienting than antisocial adolescents who become adult criminals. Method: Physiological arousal and orienting were measured in 101 unselected 15-year-old male schoolchildren. Of these, 17 antisocial adolescents who desisted from adult crime (desistors) were matched on adolescent antisocial behavior and demographic variables with 17 antisocial adolescents who became criminal by age 29 (criminals), and 17 nonantisocial, noncriminal normal subjects. Results: Desistors had significantly higher electrodermal and cardiovascular arousal and higher electrodermal orienting than the criminal group. Conclusions: This is the first study to report biological factors that protect against the development of criminal behavior. The findings suggest that individuals predisposed to adult crime by virtue of showing antisocial behavior in adolescence may be protected from committing crime by high levels of autonomic arousal and orienting.

(Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152:1595-1600)