Author Affiliations: MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London, United Kingdom (Drs Kuntsi, Wood, Rijsdijk, Andreou, McLoughlin, and Asherson); Department of Epidemiology and Section on Statistical Genetics, University of Alabama at Birmingham (Dr Wood); Department of Psychiatry, Trinity Centre for Health Sciences, St James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland (Drs Johnson and Gill); School of Psychology, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, Northern Ireland (Dr Johnson); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany (Drs Albrecht, Uebel, and Rothenberger); Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behavior, Centre for Neuroscience (Drs Arias-Vasquez, Buitelaar, and Rommelse), and Department of Human Genetics (Dr Arias-Vasquez), Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Clinical Neuropsychology, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, the Netherlands (Dr Sergeant); Developmental Brain-Behaviour Laboratory, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom (Dr Sonuga-Barke); Department of Experimental Clinical and Health Psychology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium (Drs Sonuga-Barke and Roeyers); Department of Developmental and Experimental Clinical Psychology, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands (Dr van der Meere); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany (Dr Banaschewski); Research Department, S. Herzog Memorial Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel (Dr Manor); Department of Developmental and Educational Psychology, University of Valencia (Dr Miranda), and Department of Neuropaediatrics, La Fe University Hospital (Dr Mulas), Valencia, Spain; Clinic for Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany (Dr Oades); Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland (Dr Steinhausen); Child and Adolescent Clinical Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland (Dr Steinhausen); Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychiatric Hospital Aalborg, University Hospital Aarhus, Aalborg, Denmark (Dr Steinhausen); and Departments of Neuroscience and Psychiatry, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse (Dr Faraone).
Correspondence: Jonna Kuntsi, PhD, MRC Social, Genetic, and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London SE5 8AF, United Kingdom ([email protected]).
Submitted for Publication: September 29, 2009; final revision received May 19, 2010; accepted June 2, 2010.
Financial Disclosure: Dr Kuntsi has received a speaker's fee from Eli Lilly and Company that has been used for educational and research activities. Dr Buitelaar has in the past 3 years been a consultant to, member of advisory boards of, and/or speaker for Bioprojet, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen-Cilag BV, Medice, Organon/Shering Plough, Pfizer, Shire, UCB Pharma, and Servier. Dr Sergeant is a member of an advisory board to Eli Lilly and Company and Shire and has received research funding from Eli Lilly and Company; educational grants from Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen-Cilag, and Shire; and speaker's fees from Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen-Cilag, and Shire. Dr Sonuga-Barke is a member of advisory boards to Astra Zeneca, Flynn Pharma, Shire, and UCB Pharma; has received research support from Janssen-Cilag, Qbtech, and Shire and conference support from Shire; is on a speakers' board for Shire and UCB Pharma; and has been a consultant for Shire and UCB Pharma. Dr Uebel received conference attendance support or was paid for public speaking by Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen-Cilag, and Medice and received research support from Schwabe and Shire. Dr Miranda is an advisor to Eli Lilly and Company. Dr Oades has received support for investigator-initiated studies from UCB GmbH. Dr Roeyers is a member of an advisory board to Shire and has received research funding and conference attendance support from Eli Lilly and Company. Dr Rothenberger is on the advisory board and speakers' bureau of Eli Lilly and Company, Medice, Novartis, and Shire; has received educational grants from Medice and Shire; and has received research support from Schwabe and Shire. Dr Steinhausen has served as an advisor and speaker to Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen-Cilag, Novartis, Shire, and UCB Pharma. In the past year, Dr Faraone has received consulting fees and has been on advisory boards for Eli Lilly and Company, Ortho-McNeil, and Shire and has received research support from Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, Shire, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH). In previous years, Dr Faraone has received consulting fees, been on advisory boards, or been a speaker for Eli Lilly and Company, Janssen, McNeil, Novartis, Pfizer, and Shire and has received research support from Eli Lilly and Company, Pfizer, Shire, and the NIH. Dr Asherson has received funding for educational and research activities from Janssen-Cilag and Shire and has received consultancy and speaker fees from Eli Lilly and Company, Flynn Pharma, Janssen-Cilag, and Shire that have been used for educational and research activities.
Funding/Support: This work was supported in part by National Institutes of Health grants R01MH62873 and R01MH081803 (Dr Faraone) and, in London, by Medical Research Council grant G03001896 (Dr Kuntsi).
Additional Contributions: We thank all the families who kindly participated in this research. We thank additional team members at data collection sites of Dublin, Ireland; Essen, Germany; Ghent, Belgium; Goettingen, Germany; London; Tel Aviv, Israel; Valencia, Spain; and Zurich, Switzerland, for their important contributions.
