Migration, transnationalism, and modernity

This article claims that the history of modernity in twentieth-century Kerala is inextricably bound up with the histories of migration and transnationalisms in the region. It argues that a distinction can be made between the earlier and later phases of the migratory and transnational experience. The former allowed for the ‘cosmopolitanism of ideas’ that imagined hitherto-non-existent communities across cultural boundaries and ‘competing cosmopolitanisms’ in the region. Post-independence, however, altered political conditions that impacted migration and transnationalism and produced the ‘cosmopolitanism of duty’, which works with fairly fixed ideas about the national and community/family values and aims for flexibility in negotiating these worlds. These have had distinct effects on modernity in Kerala.