When the separation-individuation process goes awry

Distinguishing between dysfunctional dependence and dysfunctional independence

  • Kins, Evie
  • Beyers, Wim
  • Soenens, Bart
International Journal of Behavioral Development 37(1):p 1-12, January 2013. | DOI: 10.1177/0165025412454027

Problematic separation-individuation has been conceptualized almost unilaterally as separation anxiety or as intolerance of being alone (i.e., dysfunctional dependence). However, as separation-individuation involves a dynamic interaction between independence and relatedness, it was argued in this study that disturbances in the separation-individuation process could manifest in at least two ways; that is, as dysfunctional dependence and as dysfunctional independence. In a sample of 232 emerging adults, we examined correlates and outcomes of the two types of dysfunctional separation-individuation. We found that both types were related in similar ways to depressive symptoms and a general measure of pathological separation-individuation. Yet they were associated differentially and in theoretically expected ways with: (a) dimensions of attachment (i.e., anxiety and avoidance); and (b) dimensions of personality that confer vulnerability to depression (i.e., dependency and self-criticism). In addition, person-centered results showed evidence for four groups of individuals with distinct profiles of separation-individuation (i.e., healthy, dysfunctional dependent, dysfunctional independent, and combined). Implications for clinical practice and future research are discussed.

Copyright © 2013 Sage Publications