Contributions of lichen ecology to understanding and managing ecosystems

¹University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Botany, 430 Lincoln Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA;

²Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Cordley 2082, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA;

E-mail[email protected];³Department of Ecology and Environmental Science,

Umeå University, SE 901 87 Umeå, Sweden; E-mail[email protected];

^*Corresponding author; Fax +1 6082627509; E-mail[email protected]