Free Association in Psychology and the Grid Elaboration Method

Joffe, Helene
Elsey, James W. B.

¹Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London
²Division of Psychology and Language Sciences, University College London, Anna Freud Centre, London, England, and Yale Child Study Center, New Haven, Connecticut

Research for this article was supported by three Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council grants (refs. EP/F012179/1; EP/J017698/1; EP/K022377/1), an Economic and Social Research Council grant (ref. RES-000–22-1694) and a Faraday Institute Grant (ref. TWCF 0025/UAB 008). Thanks to these funding bodies as well as to Cliodhna O'Connor, Nick Smith, and David Shanks for their valuable comments on earlier drafts of the article.

Correspondence concerning this article should be addressed to Helene Joffe, University College London–Division of Psychology & Language Sciences, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. E-mail: [email protected]

Received January 16, 2014

Revision received August 12, 2014

Accepted August 12, 2014

Review of General Psychology 18(3):p 173-185, September 2014. | DOI: 10.1037/gpr0000014

This article traces the history of free association in psychoanalysis, cognitive psychology, and social psychology and builds on these traditions to develop a novel research method for eliciting how people think and feel about social and personal issues. These range from climate change to pandemics, from earthquakes to urban living. The method, termed the grid elaboration method (GEM), is distinctive in tapping the naturalistic thoughts and feelings that people hold in relation to such issues. It provides an instrument that elicits ecologically valid material that minimizes the interference of the investigator's perspective. A further aspect of the method is that it taps chains of association that are often emotive and implicit in nature, in keeping with current trends in psychological research. These facets are elaborated in this article, with reference to an exploration of the history of free association methodologies in psychology. The efficacy of the method is demonstrated using examples drawn from recent empirical work utilizing the GEM in a variety of domains. The method is evaluated, with areas for future exploration elucidated.