Iodine: Health Implications of Deficiency

Iodine levels in the United States have dropped precipitously over the past few decades, whereas antagonists such as bromine, perchlorate, and fluoride have become more ubiquitous. These changes have placed a nutritional burden on the human body and increased the potential for pathophysiological change at the cellular level. This review examines the clinical and peer-reviewed literature and provides perspective related to health-compromising trends that warrant close scrutiny in clinical practice and future research mandates.