From the Nuffield Department of Medicine (P.H.), Nuffield Department of Population Health (J.R.E., M.M., J.L.B., L.L., N.S., E.J., R.H., M.J.L.), and MRC Population Health Research Unit (J.R.E., N.S., R.H., M.J.L.), University of Oxford, the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (K.J.), and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Oxford Biomedical Research Centre (M.J.L.), Oxford, the Respiratory Medicine Department, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust (W.S.L.), and the School of Medicine, University of Nottingham (A.M.), Nottingham, the Institute for Lung Health, Leicester NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester (C.B.), the Regional Infectious Diseases Unit, North Manchester General Hospital and University of Manchester (A.U.), and the University of Manchester and Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust (T.F.), Manchester, the Research and Development Department, Northampton General Hospital, Northampton (E.E.), the Department of Respiratory Medicine, North Tees and Hartlepool NHS Foundation Trust, Stockton-on-Tees (B.P.), University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust and Institute of Microbiology and Infection, University of Birmingham, Birmingham (C.G.), the Centre for Clinical Infection, James Cook University Hospital, Middlesbrough (D.C.), the North West Anglia NHS Foundation Trust, Peterborough (K. Rege), the Department of Research and Development, Cardiff and Vale University Health Board, Cardiff (C.F.), the School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London (L.C.C.), and the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre (K. Rowan), London, the NIHR Southampton Clinical Research Facility and Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust and University of Southampton, Southampton (S.N.F.), the Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Lancaster University, Lancaster (T.J.), the MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge (T.J.), and Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh (J.K.B.) — all in the United Kingdom.
*A complete list of collaborators in the RECOVERY trial is provided in the Supplementary Appendix, available at NEJM.org.
Address reprint requests to Drs. Horby and Landray at RECOVERY Central Coordinating Office, Richard Doll Bldg., Old Road Campus, Roosevelt Dr., Oxford OX3 7LF, United Kingdom, or at [email protected].
Supported by a grant (MC_PC_19056) to the University of Oxford from the Medical Research Council of United Kingdom Research and Innovation and the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR); and by core funding provided by NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Wellcome, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Department for International Development, Health Data Research UK, the Medical Research Council Population Health Research Unit, the NIHR Health Protection Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, and NIHR Clinical Trials Unit Support Funding. Dr. Lim is supported by core funding provided by NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, Dr. Felton by the NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, and Dr. Jaki by a grant (MC_UU_0002/14) from the UK Medical Research Council and by an NIHR Senior Research Fellowship (NIHR-SRF-2015-08-001). Tocilizumab was provided free of charge for this study by Roche. AbbVie contributed some supplies of lopinavir–ritonavir for use in the trial. Regeneron contributed supplies of REGN-COV2 for use in the clinical trial. Other medications, including dexamethasone, that were used in the trial were supplied by the National Health Service (NHS).
Dr. Lim reports receiving grant support from Pfizer; Dr. Emberson, receiving grant support from Boehringer Ingelheim; Dr. Mafham, receiving grant support and provision of materials from the Medicines Company/Novartis; Dr. Staplin, receiving grant support from Boehringer Ingelheim; Dr. Faust, receiving grant support, lecture fees, and advisory board fees, all paid to his institution, from Pfizer, advisory board fees, paid to his institution, from AstraZeneca, Seqirus, Sandoz, and MedImmune, grant support and advisory board fees, all paid to his institution, from Sanofi and Merck, and grant support, paid to his institution, from GSK and Johnson & Johnson; Dr. Haynes, receiving grant support from the Medicines Company and Boehringer Ingelheim; Dr. Landray, receiving grant support from Novartis, Boehringer Ingelheim, and Merck Sharp & Dohme. No other potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.
Disclosure forms provided by the authors are available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.
The members of the writing committee (Peter Horby, F.R.C.P., Wei Shen Lim, F.R.C.P., Jonathan R. Emberson, Ph.D., Marion Mafham, M.D., Jennifer L. Bell, M.Sc., Louise Linsell, D.Phil., Natalie Staplin, Ph.D., Christopher Brightling, F.Med.Sci., Andrew Ustianowski, Ph.D., Einas Elmahi, M.Phil., Benjamin Prudon, F.R.C.P., Christopher Green, D.Phil., Timothy Felton, Ph.D., David Chadwick, Ph.D., Kanchan Rege, F.R.C.Path., Christopher Fegan, M.D., Lucy C. Chappell, Ph.D., Saul N. Faust, F.R.C.P.C.H., Thomas Jaki, Ph.D., Katie Jeffery, Ph.D., Alan Montgomery, Ph.D., Kathryn Rowan, Ph.D., Edmund Juszczak, M.Sc., J. Kenneth Baillie, M.D., Ph.D., Richard Haynes, D.M., and Martin J. Landray, F.R.C.P.) assume responsibility for the overall content and integrity of this article.
Drs. Horby, Lim, and Emberson and Drs. Haynes and Landray contributed equally to this article.
The views expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Health Service, the National Institute for Health Research, the Medical Research Council of United Kingdom Research and Innovation, or the Department of Health and Social Care.
A preliminary version of this article was published on July 17, 2020, at NEJM.org.
A data sharing statement provided by the authors is available with the full text of this article at NEJM.org.
We thank the thousands of patients who participated in this trial; the doctors, nurses, pharmacists, other allied health professionals, and research administrators at 176 NHS hospital organizations across the United Kingdom, supported by staff at the NIHR Clinical Research Network, NHS DigiTrials, Public Health England, Department of Health and Social Care, the Intensive Care National Audit and Research Centre, Public Health Scotland, National Records Service of Scotland, the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) at University of Swansea, and the NHS in England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland; and the members of the independent data monitoring committee: Peter Sandercock, Janet Darbyshire, David DeMets, Robert Fowler, David Lalloo, Ian Roberts, and Janet Wittes.
